Evaluating the Clinical and Cardiopulmonary Effects of Clove Oil and Propofol in Tiger Salamanders (Ambystoma tigrinum)

Mitchell, Mark A.; Riggs, Shannon M.; Singleton, Christine; Diaz-Figueroa, Orlando; Hale, Lorrie K.

doi:10.1053/j.jepm.2008.11.001

Cited by 30 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…The present study showed a negative chronotropic effect in Daphnia magna induced by CO alone at both concentrations, however more increased bradycardia was noted at the higher concentration of CO. The effects are similar to those observed by other authors who found that CO and other anaesthetics induce hypotension and bradycardia in fish and mammals (Lahlou et al, 2004;Mitchell et al, 2009;Huang et al, 2012). It is known that inhibition of heart rate caused by CO is associated with biological properties of eugenol which affects cardiac muscles acting as a Na + and Ca 2+ channel blocker, however its mechanisms of action on ionic channels both in vertebrates and invertebrates are not completely understood (Bekker and Krijgsman, 1951;Dyson et al, 1998;Chung et al, 2008).…”

Section: Heart Activitysupporting

confidence: 87%

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Bownik¹

2016

Turk. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci.

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Clove oil (CO) used as an anaesthetic in aquaculture causes toxic effects in fish and invertebrates since it has a narrow margin between effective and lethal concentrations. Ectoine (ECT) is an osmoprotectant produced by halophilic bacteria in response to stressful factors. It was hypothesized that ECT may attenuate physiological alterations induced by CO in aquatic animals. The aim of the present study was to determine if ECT induces protective effects in Daphnia magna subjected to COinduced anaesthesia. Daphnids were treated with 50 or 150 µL/L CO alone or in the combination with 10, 25 or 50 mg/L ECT. The results showed that both concentrations of CO alone induced anaesthesia, heart arrhythmia, decreased heart rate, increased diastole/systole ratio and duration of diastole. On the other hand, ECT attenuated alterations evoked by CO with the most significant effects in the combination of 50 µL/L CO+25 mg/L ECT. The animals showed a prolonged TtA and attenuated depression of thoracic limb activity, heart rate, arrhythmia, decreased diastole/systole ratio and duration of diastole.The results indicate that ECT may be a cardioprotective agent in anaesthesized crustaceans.

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Section: Heart Activitysupporting

confidence: 87%

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Bownik¹

2016

Turk. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci.

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“…Species differences in the speed and efficacy of propofol absorption across coelomic membranes, or differences in protein binding or receptor affinity, may explain these discrepancies in response, and further investigation of different doses and effects in additional species is indicated. No toad in this study exhibited any signs suggestive of coelomic irritation following administration of propofol, which was expected given the lack of previous adverse reports following intracoelomic injection in other species and that inadvertent extravascular injection in domestic dogs and cats has not been associated with tissue irritation (Plumb, 2008;Mitchell et al, 2009). Although the intracoelomic route of administration was selected for this study, intravenous and intraosseous administration of propofol has been reported in amphibians (Mitchell, 2009).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 59%

“…Ventilatory depression and apnea have been reported in multiple amphibian species when using a variety of anesthetic protocols (Lafortune et al, 2001;Wright, 2001;Andersen and Wang, 2002;Stetter, 2007;Mitchell, 2009;Mitchell et al, 2009). Because amphibians use multiple methods for respiratory exchange (pulmonary, buccopharyngeal, and cutaneous), apnea is less of a concern than in other vertebrate groups, although hypoxia and respiratory acidosis have been reported in several amphibian species (including Bufo toads) during periods of apnea (Wright, 2001;Andersen and Wang, 2002;Coelho and Smatresk, 2003).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It is most often administered via intravenous or intraosseous injection; however, intracoelomic injection and immersion techniques have also been described in amphibians (Von Esse and Wright, 1999;Guenette et al, 2008;Mitchell, 2009;Mitchell et al, 2009). Cardiopulmonary depression was the only adverse effect reported in a study involving tiger salamanders (Ambystoma tigrinum), and surgical anesthesia was reached in the majority of animals administered an intracoelomic dose of 35 mg/kg of propofol .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Evaluation of MS-222 (Tricaine Methanesulfonate) and Propofol as Anesthetic Agents in Sonoran Desert Toads (Bufo alvarius)

Wojick

Langan

Mitchell

2010

Journal of Herpetological Medicine and Surgery

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Toads in the genus Bufo are commonly kept in pet, research, and zoological settings and may require anesthesia during veterinary care. Limited information is available comparing anesthetic protocols in most amphibian species. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the clinical and cardiopulmonary effects of tricaine methanesulfonate (MS-222) and propofol in Sonoran desert toads (Bufo alvarius). Nine juvenile Sonoran desert toads were anesthetized with an immersion bath of 1 g/L MS-222 and 35 mg/kg intracoelomic propofol with a minimum 2-wk wash-out period between trials. Heart rate, respiratory rate, and reflexes (righting, escape, corneal, superficial pain, and deep pain) were monitored every 5 min for the first 90 min and then every 10 min for the next 90 min during both anesthetic trials. Surgical anesthesia was defined as complete loss of all measured reflexes. MS-222 produced surgical anesthesia in 100% (9/9) of toads, whereas propofol produced surgical anesthesia in 11.1% (1/9). Mean induction time for the MS-222 trial was 19.9 min (SD: 5.4, Min-Max: 13-30), with mean duration of surgical anesthesia 23.9 min (SD: 10.8, Min-Max: 10-42). Mean recovery time after removal from the MS-222 bath was 85.3 min (SD: 18.5, Min-Max: 60-110). Righting reflex was lost in all animals in the propofol trial at a mean of 23.9 min (SD: 5.5, Min-Max: 20-35) following administration. A single animal in the propofol trial reached a surgical plane of anesthesia at 25 min post-administration, with surgical anesthesia lasting for 50 min. Mean time to recovery following administration of propofol was 145 min (SD: 47.2, Min-Max: 60-180); one toad was not fully recovered at the end of the monitoring period. Heart rate was not found to significantly (P > 0.05) change from baseline at any monitoring point for either anesthetic protocol. Respiratory rate was found to decrease significantly (P < 0.05) at all time points between 5 and 65 min in the MS-222 trial and between 10 and 130 min in the propofol trial. MS-222 at 1 g/L immersion was found to reliably produce surgical anesthesia in Sonoran desert toads with a faster onset of action and recovery when compared to propofol administered intracoelomically at 35 mg/kg.

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“…The 96 h LC50 value for clove oil obtained using FETAX (21.6 mg/l) indicated that X. laevis embryos are less sensitive than fish embryos and juvenile fish. Although the recommended concentrations of clove oil for the short-term immobilization of fish range from 40 up to 100 mg/l (Keene et al 1998;Waterstrat 1999), convenient clove oil concentrations for immersion anaesthesia for amphibians differ according to the genus and size of the animal and range from 300 to 450 mg/l (Lafortune et al 2001;Guenette et al 2007;Mitchell et al 2009). Interspecies differences in anaesthetic effects, induction time and analgesia in amphibians are attributed to differences in metabolisms of individual species, the route of administration and in the case of immersion or topical administration, to the rate of absorption of the drug across the skin ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of the developmental toxicity of 2-phenoxyethanol and clove oil anaesthetics using the Frog Embryo Teratogenesis Assay: Xenopus (FETAX)

Vršková¹,

Modrá²

2012

Vet. Med. - Czech

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ABSTRACT:The developmental toxicity of two anaesthetics, 2-phenoxyethanol and clove oil, used in aquaculture was evaluated using the Frog Embryo Teratogenesis Assay: Xenopus (FETAX) and the results were compared to outcomes in fish. Xenopus laevis embryos were exposed to 50, 100, 300, 500, 700 and 1000 mg/l of 2-phenoxyethanol or 1, 5, 10, 20, 30 and 40 mg/l of clove oil. Values of 96 h LC50, 96 h EC50 (malformation) and teratogenic index (ratio of 96 h LC50 and 96 h EC50) were determined and the types and severities of the induced malformations and minimal concentration inhibiting the growth of embryos were estimated. Teratogenic index values for 2-phenoxyethanol and clove oil were estimated at 1.69 and 0.61 respectively. The most frequently observed malformations produced by 2-phenoxyethanol were axial flexure and oedema and for clove oil, axial flexure, gut malformation, microphthalmia and oedema. 2-phenoxyethanol was found to induce growth inhibition of frog embryos at concentrations above 300 mg/l and clove oil at concentrations above 20 mg/l. In summary, both 2-phenoxyethanol and clove oil affected the growth of Xenopus embryos, while only 2-phenoxyethanol represented a teratogenic risk.

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Evaluating the Clinical and Cardiopulmonary Effects of Clove Oil and Propofol in Tiger Salamanders (Ambystoma tigrinum)

Cited by 30 publications

References 7 publications

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Evaluation of MS-222 (Tricaine Methanesulfonate) and Propofol as Anesthetic Agents in Sonoran Desert Toads (Bufo alvarius)

Evaluation of the developmental toxicity of 2-phenoxyethanol and clove oil anaesthetics using the Frog Embryo Teratogenesis Assay: Xenopus (FETAX)

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