Evaluation of MS-222 (Tricaine Methanesulfonate) and Propofol as Anesthetic Agents in Sonoran Desert Toads (Bufo alvarius)

Wojick, Kimberlee B.; Langan, Jennifer N.; Mitchell, Mark A.

doi:10.5818/1529-9651-20.2.79

Cited by 19 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 11 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…1 Guenette and Lair 13 concluded MS-222 to be the most effective agent to induce a surgical plane of anaesthesia when compared to benzocaine, clove oil and Emla V R (lidocaine and prilocaine). It concluded MS-222 had, compared to the other agents, more reliable anaesthesia and that was corroborated with by Wojick et al 14 .…”

Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 66%

A Protocol for Prolonged Surgical Anaesthesia with Recovery in Fire Salamanders Using Tricaine Mesylate (MS-222): A Case Series

Stathopoulou

Light

Lamas³

et al. 2022

Lab Anim

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The objective of this study was to describe prolonged surgical anaesthesia and recovery in fire salamanders ( Salamandra salamandra) using tricaine methanesulfonate (MS-222). A total of 14 salamanders were anaesthetised for electromyography wire implantation. Sodium bicarbonate buffered solutions (0.5–4 g l–1) of MS-222 were prepared (adjusted to pH 7.0). Anaesthesia was induced by partial immersion in pre-oxygenated 3 g l–1 solution for 20 min. Buprenorphine (0.5 mg kg–1) was administered subcutaneously. During microsurgery, heart rate (HR), solution pH and temperature were recorded. Reflectance pulse oximeter (SpO2) (Masimo Rad-57) was recorded in two salamanders. Anaesthetic plane and MS-222 pH stability (pH 7.6) were maintained by renewing administration of oxygenated MS-222 solution (0.5–3 g l–1) onto swabs that partially covered the body. Recovery started at the end of surgery (MS-222 0 g l–1). Postoperatively, salamanders were given oral meloxicam (0.2 mg kg–1). Mean time for loss of righting reflex during induction was 13.7 ± 2.2 min. Duration of anaesthesia and time to recovery were 111 ± 24.2 and 31 ± 10.3 min, respectively. Due to complications, two salamanders did not recover. Baseline HR was 67.4 ± 34.5 beats/min, and it decreased significantly until recovery ( p ≤ 0.0001). In two salamanders, baseline SpO2 was 85.5% ± 14.5, SpO2 during surgery was 61% ± 6.4, improving to 80.5% ± 2.1 on recovery. In conclusion, prolonged recovery anaesthesia is achievable with MS-222 dilutions in salamander. Reflectance SpO2 could prove valuable during immersion anaesthesia.

show abstract

Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 66%

A Protocol for Prolonged Surgical Anaesthesia with Recovery in Fire Salamanders Using Tricaine Mesylate (MS-222): A Case Series

Stathopoulou

Light

Lamas³

et al. 2022

Lab Anim

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…The available data for bufonid toads shows a gradual increase of induction time with body mass. Induction time was 38 min in the toad A. fowleri (2.1–27.3 g body mass) in unbuffered TMS at 0.5 g/L [ 7 ], 19.9 min in Incilius (= Bufo ) alvarius (55.8–190.2 g body mass) in buffered TMS at 1 g/L [ 19 ], and 42.5 min in Rhinella marina ( Bufo marinus, 130–250g bodymass) in buffered TMS at 3g/L [ 48 ]. Even heavier (450–750 g) ranid bullfrogs ( Lithobates catesbeianus = Rana catesbeiana ), however, took only 9.4 min to sedate in buffered TMS at 2 g/L [ 28 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The anesthetics most commonly employed in frogs include benzocaine [ 12 ], tricaine methanesulfonate [ 7 , 13 ], eugenol (clove oil) [ 14 , 15 ], isoflurane [ 16 , 17 ], propofol [ 18 , 19 ], ketamine, and sodium pentobarbital [ 20 ]. Low temperature has also been claimed to have anesthetic effects on amphibians [ 6 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Response of Gray Treefrogs to Anesthesia by Tricaine Methanesulfonate (TMS or MS-222)

et al. 2013

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The design of anesthetic protocols for frogs is commonly hindered by lack of information. Results from fishes and rodents do not always apply to frogs, and the literature in anurans is concentrated on a few species. We report on the response of treefrogs (Hyla chrysoscelis and H. versicolor) to tricaine methanesulfonate. Body mass did not differ significantly between the species or between sexes. In the first exposure of a frog to TMS, variation in induction time was best explained by species (H. chrysoscelis resisted longer) and body mass (larger animals resisted longer). Multiple exposures revealed a strong effect of individual variation on induction time and a significant increase of induction time with number of previous anesthesia events within the same day. Recovery time was mostly explained by individual variation, but it increased with total time in anesthetic and decreased with induction time. It also increased with number of days since the last series of anesthesias and decreased with number of previous uses of the anesthetic bath. This is one of the first studies of anesthesia in hylids and also one of the first assessments of the factors that influence the variability of the response to anesthesia within a species.

show abstract

“…Physiologically responsive frogs typically exhibit a corneal reflex when the eye is touched, and this behavior is dependent on reflexive circuits through the cranial nerves (17,20,23). A firm pinch of the toe to elicit a withdrawal reflex is a common test of nociceptive responses in amphibians (6,16,18,20,31,32). Animals were judged to be appropriately unaware of pain if they were unresponsive to both of these tests.…”

Section: Animalsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Anesthetic MS-222 eliminates nerve and muscle activity in frogs used for physiology teaching laboratories

Medler

2019

Advances in Physiology Education

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Frogs are routinely used in physiology teaching laboratories to demonstrate important physiological processes. There have been recent directives that promote the use of the anesthetic MS-222 (tricaine methanesulfonate), rather than lowering body temperature with a cold water bath to prepare reptiles and amphibians for physiological experiments or euthanasia. Indeed, the most recent edition of the American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA) Guidelines for the Euthanasia of Animals proclaims that chilling in water is not an appropriate method and advocates for the usage of MS-222 or other anesthetics. However, prominent researchers have responded to this position by highlighting evidence that cooling ectothermic vertebrates is, in fact, an effective and appropriate method. Furthermore, MS-222 is a known voltage-gated Na+ channel blocker, and this anesthetic’s impact on the physiology of excitable tissues suggests that its use might be incompatible with experiments on nerve and muscle tissues. In the present study, I examined the effects of MS-222 at a concentration of 1.5 g/l on nerve, skeletal muscle, and cardiac muscle physiology of frogs. I found that immersion of frogs in this anesthetic blocked basic nerve and muscle physiology, making the frogs unsuitable for laboratory experiments. Applying MS-222 directly to the sciatic nerve dramatically blocked normal excitation-contraction coupling in skeletal muscle preparations, and direct application to the heart caused the organs to stop contracting. Based on these results, I conclude that MS-222 at the concentration studied may be incompatible with physiological preparations that rely on electrically excitable tissues for their normal function. Physiology educators who must use MS-222 with frogs should empirically determine an appropriate dosage and recovery time before using the anesthetic in the teaching laboratory.

show abstract

Evaluation of MS-222 (Tricaine Methanesulfonate) and Propofol as Anesthetic Agents in Sonoran Desert Toads (Bufo alvarius)

Cited by 19 publications

References 11 publications

A Protocol for Prolonged Surgical Anaesthesia with Recovery in Fire Salamanders Using Tricaine Mesylate (MS-222): A Case Series

A Protocol for Prolonged Surgical Anaesthesia with Recovery in Fire Salamanders Using Tricaine Mesylate (MS-222): A Case Series

The Response of Gray Treefrogs to Anesthesia by Tricaine Methanesulfonate (TMS or MS-222)

Anesthetic MS-222 eliminates nerve and muscle activity in frogs used for physiology teaching laboratories

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About