Evaluating the circular economy for sanitation: Findings from a multi-case approach

Mallory, Adrian; Akrofi, Daniel; Dizon, J.C.; Mohanty, Sourav; Parker, Alison; Rey, Dolores; Prasad, Sharada; Welvita, Indunee; Brewer, Tim; Mekala, Sneha; Bundhoo, Dilshaad; Lynch, Kenneth; Mishra, Prajna Paramita; Willcock, Simon; Hutchings, Paul

doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140871

Cited by 32 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…Consistent with previous work, ,, we assumed all consumed nitrogen and phosphorus were excreted in urine and feces, as well as 88% of consumed potassium (this value was less than 100% because of some loss in sweat , ). We focused on urine for this analysis given that it contains most excreted nutrients (88% [74–93%] N, 61% [33–75%] P, and 74% [53–93%] K of total excreted) ,, in soluble forms that are readily available for crop uptake and that can be recovered as crystal products. − Additionally, resource recovery from urine has the potential to be financially viable in low-income settings. − We coupled unique urine nutrient excretion rates per capita (N cap , P cap , K cap ) for each country with a global population density map (0.5 arc minute × 0.5 arc minute) and aggregated it to 5 × 5 arc minute resolution to create a spatial map of nutrient supply that matches crop nutrient application recommendations. Although recovery strategies would affect final nutrient availability, we did not include nutrient losses along the sanitation service chain because implementation would depend on local considerations , and locality-specific planning, which were outside the scope of this study.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Defining Nutrient Colocation Typologies for Human-Derived Supply and Crop Demand To Advance Resource Recovery

Echevarria

Trimmer

Cusick

et al. 2021

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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Resource recovery from human excreta can advance circular economies while improving access to sanitation and renewable agricultural inputs. While national projections of nutrient recovery potential provide motivation for resource recovery sanitation, elucidating generalizable strategies for sustainable implementation requires a deeper understanding of country-specific overlap between supply and demand. For 107 countries, we analyze the colocation of human-derived nutrients (in urine) and crop demands for nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium. To characterize colocation patterns, we fit data for each country to a generalized logistic function. Using fitted logistic curve parameters, three typologies were identified: (i) dislocated nutrient supply and demand resulting from high density agriculture (with low population density) and nutrient islands (e.g., dense cities) motivating nutrient concentration and transport; (ii) colocated nutrient supply and demand enabling local reuse; and (iii) diverse nutrient supply–demand proximities, with countries spanning the continuum between (i) and (ii). Finally, we explored connections between these typologies and country-specific contextual characteristics via principal component analysis and found that the Human Development Index was clustered by typology. By providing a generalizable, quantitative framework for characterizing the colocation of human-derived nutrient supply and agricultural nutrient demand, these typologies can advance resource recovery by informing resource management strategies, policy, and investment.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Defining Nutrient Colocation Typologies for Human-Derived Supply and Crop Demand To Advance Resource Recovery

Echevarria

Trimmer

Cusick

et al. 2021

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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“…Kenya has two CBS enterprises and a newly evolving sanitation policy (both of which are described in detail later) which makes it a particularly interesting case to explore as it offers an insight into the challenges of scaling up CBS as means of extending non‐sewered sanitation access. Previous research already recognises a need for major changes in policy and enabling environments to enable sanitation business models to operate (Mallory, Akrofi, et al, 2020; Mallory, Holm, & Parker, 2020) and that for long‐term sustainability and scaling up of provision that additional public funding is required (Auerbach et al, 2020; Remington et al, 2018). In Kenya, the responsibilities and mandates for sanitation provision are unclear and overlapping (Ekane et al, 2014; Mansour et al, 2017b; Mansour & Esseku, 2017; Simiyu et al, 2017).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The potential for scaling up container‐based sanitation in informal settlements in Kenya

Mallory

Mdee

Agol

et al. 2022

J of Intl Development

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Kenya has enshrined the right to sanitation in the 2010 constitution. Achieving this requires scaling up infrastructure and models of delivery beyond sewer networks that have previously been the focus. In Kenya, two enterprises, Sanergy and Sanivation, have been providing new forms of off‐grid services with container‐based sanitation (CBS). This paper uses a political economy analysis to understand the incentives, institutions and power dynamics that are enabling or constraining the potential for such off‐grid sanitation models. The paper outlines six core problems to be addressed in the pursuit of scaling up: fragmented governance; sustainability of CBS enterprise models; service delivery planning in informal settlements; personal power rather than institutions in decision‐making; vested local interests; and land tenure and political connection. It discusses how stakeholders might work collaboratively to progressively address or recognise these issues.

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“…Outside hospitals, two linked studies investigated use of open latrines (no flushing system) and identified a cluster of seropositive Covid-19 patients associated with use of shared latrines (Del Brutto et al, 2020a;Del Brutto et al, 2020b). A widely neglected aspect of virus containment is that a major part of the population in developing regions does not have access to private, clean sanitary facilities (Mallory et al, 2020;Sun and Han, 2020). It is possible that open defaecation and use of squat toilets are additional risk factors in these communities.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

What is the risk of acquiring SARS-CoV-2 from the use of public toilets?

Dancer

Hart

et al. 2021

Science of The Total Environment

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Public toilets may act as a contact hub point for SARS-CoV-2 transmission. • All accepted transmission mechanisms for SARS-CoV-2 co-exist in a public toilet. • Faecal and urinary derived aerosols contain viable SARS-CoV-2 virus. • Issues over space, ventilation, frequency of use, cleaning and maintenance compound the transmission risk. • Actions to prevent COVID-19 infection are offered in lieu of supportive scientific evidence.

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Evaluating the circular economy for sanitation: Findings from a multi-case approach

Cited by 32 publications

References 12 publications

Defining Nutrient Colocation Typologies for Human-Derived Supply and Crop Demand To Advance Resource Recovery

Defining Nutrient Colocation Typologies for Human-Derived Supply and Crop Demand To Advance Resource Recovery

The potential for scaling up container‐based sanitation in informal settlements in Kenya

What is the risk of acquiring SARS-CoV-2 from the use of public toilets?

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