The potential for scaling up container‐based sanitation in informal settlements in Kenya

Mallory, Adrian; Mdee, Anna; Agol, Dorice; Hyde‐Smith, Leonie; Kiogora, Domenic; Riungu, Joy; Parker, Alison

doi:10.1002/jid.3639

Cited by 6 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 42 publications

(53 reference statements)

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“…BSF larvae managed to reduce dried sisal decorticated waste by 52%, and dried fruit waste as the control was reduced by 78%. The obtained results in Table 7 show a positive correlation with previous studies, which indicates that waste reduction by BSF ranges from 58 to 70% [40], 53 to 80% [41,42], between 50 and 75%depending on the nature of the substrate [43]. Therefore, due to these findings, pre-treated sisal decorticated waste can be effectively managed using BSF, since the percentage reductions fall within the range being reported.…”

Section: Reduced Wastesupporting

confidence: 80%

The Potential of Valorized Sisal Decorticated Waste in Rearing of Black Soldier Fly

et al. 2022

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The use of sisal decorticated waste (SDW) for various applications is limited due to its high acidic content. This is the first study of its kind regarding the use of SDW as a substrate for the growth of the black soldier fly (BSF). Pre-treatment was a necessary and challenging step performed on the waste to meet the minimum requirements for the rearing of BSF. The SDW was sun dried, sieved, and decomposited and neutralized to form the final products that were used for the rearing of BSF. The resultant waste had fourteen (14) elements; the essential elemental form results were Ca, P, K, Mn, Fe, Cu, and Zn at varying levels, which are all essential for animal growth. The SDW contained 10 ± 0.01 percent of crude protein, 11 ± 0.02 moisture and energy (1615 kcal/g of sisal decorticated waste). The sun dried BSF larvae were reared on SDW that contained 53 ± 0.005 percent of crude protein, 4 ± 0.01 percent of crude fat, a moisture content of (10 ± 0.1)%, carbohydrate percent of (43 ± 0.01)%, and ash percent of (37 ± 0.08). When rearing was finished, 3000 g of dried pre-treated waste yielded more wet BSF larvae, (336 ± 41.3) g, compared to 3000 g of fruit waste, which yielded (244 ± 4.16) g of wet BSF larvae. Therefore, based on this study, SDW is a promising potential feed for rearing BSF because it had a better reduction of the waste by 52%. Furthermore, the harvested BSF larvae contained sufficient nutritional value to feed poultry and fish.

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Section: Reduced Wastesupporting

confidence: 80%

The Potential of Valorized Sisal Decorticated Waste in Rearing of Black Soldier Fly

et al. 2022

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“…First, performance monitoring can take multiple forms and does not necessarily require an independent regulator. The literature commonly recommends approaches involving independent regulators as being most effective and transparent [3,5,8,13,17,115,128,129]. We observed this type of model in Abidjan and Cairo, where independent regulators tracked performance indicators and produced or reviewed annual reports covering multiple locations or utilities throughout the country [50,63].…”

Section: Overarching Lessons From the Three Types Of Progressmentioning

confidence: 91%

“…In our cases, these pro-poor measures appear to have been more important in making services more inclusive than constitutional rights to water. Existing literature has shown that explicit rights to water and sanitation, enshrined in national constitutions or other key policy documents, can sometimes be used in court cases to help improve access, although methods for their application may not always be clear [115,116]. In most of our cases, constitutional rights to water and sanitation did not exist.…”

Section: Governancementioning

confidence: 94%

“…Second, champions can drive sustainable institutional reforms. While the efforts of passionate individuals can move the needle on reforms and can be particularly important in weak institutional or regulatory environments [130], existing literature has noted that champion-led progress may not be sustainable if key individuals retire or change assignments [6,14,17,24,115]. For example, the reassignment of a proactive ministry secretary who had effectively promoted communication in Kenya led to concern among sector actors that progress would stall and priorities would change [115].…”

Section: Overarching Lessons From the Three Types Of Progressmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The enabling environment for citywide water service provision: Insights from six successful cities

Trimmer¹,

Qureshi²,

Otoo

et al. 2023

PLOS Water

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Equitable access to safe drinking water remains a key challenge in many urban areas of low- and middle-income countries. This study aimed to characterize the enabling environment for inclusive urban water service delivery, and specifically to elucidate the institutional arrangements, policies, regulations, service delivery approaches, financing models, and surrounding contextual factors that influence progress. We identified six cities across Africa, Asia, and South America that offered historical examples of success in inclusive piped water provision, resulting in high levels of access and service quality, including within low-income areas. Using a modified form of the social-ecological systems framework to structure our investigation, we conducted a comparative case study analysis to learn from these cities. Our analysis focused on a review of existing case-specific literature, supplemented by interviews with 1–3 key informants per case to update or fill gaps in the literature. A variety of characteristics supported safe and inclusive services, with contextually appropriate strategies depending on existing institutional arrangements, infrastructure, and the surrounding social, economic, political, and environmental context. Our study cities illustrated three types of progress–utility-driven, regulator-supported, and municipality-driven–each characterized by specific features and drivers of success. We also identified 12 characteristics making up the enabling environment across all three types. These characteristics highlighted two broad themes. First, a well-functioning water service provider was often a prerequisite for inclusive, pro-poor service provision. Elements such as clear performance indicators, customer feedback mechanisms, and strategies to sustainably finance operating costs contributed to cities’ success. Second, inclusive water services often required explicit pro-poor policies and strategies, such as the removal of land tenure requirements for piped connections and community mobilization for participatory decision-making. Although the importance of specific characteristics will vary depending on context, our analysis offers a common foundation to guide progress toward universal access to safe water.

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“…There is limited evidence of cost recovery from waste to resource schemes to date. A recent review identified that few cases were able to achieve more than $5/person/year from sludge reuse (Mallory et al, 2020) and other resource recovery schemes within Kenya are reliant on government investment to be viable (Mallory et al, 2022). However, to dismiss it as an opportunity would be short sighted.…”

Section: Resourcing Sanitation At a Citywide Scale Financing Going...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Transforming citywide sanitation provision: Utility voices on pit emptying and transport services in Kenya and Zambia

Grisaffi¹,

Oluoch²,

Hamuchenje³

et al. 2022

Front. Water

Self Cite

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This paper documents the key challenges faced by utilities in sub-Saharan Africa attempting to establish citywide safe manual and semi-mechanized latrine pit emptying, transport and disposal services. The research aims to take a snapshot of utilities at a pivotal point in service development, where initial services have been piloted and the utilities are looking to go to scale. We use the CWIS framework to guide analysis of perspectives of the implementing agencies in Livingstone, Zambia, and Malindi, Kenya, using a secondary data review and 34 key informant interviews. This paper confirms previous findings around the high cost of safe sanitation services in low-income areas, the barriers of emptiability, the engagement of manual pit emptiers and the requirement for investment in supporting systems. Areas for future research were identified, including approaches for service delivery to reduce the decision load on the household, structures of engagement and regulation of pit emptiers, and finally how regulation could support incremental improvements toward full coverage, including the lowest income households. The research documents, for the first time in the region, the challenges of dealing with disgust in establishing these new services and the conflicting role of public utilities as both commercial and social organizations. The current model for private sector delivery of the service is politically viable and reduces the risk and cost burden on the utilities. However, it is likely to leave the utilities unable to scale sanitation to low-income areas.

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The potential for scaling up container‐based sanitation in informal settlements in Kenya

Cited by 6 publications

References 42 publications

The Potential of Valorized Sisal Decorticated Waste in Rearing of Black Soldier Fly

The Potential of Valorized Sisal Decorticated Waste in Rearing of Black Soldier Fly

The enabling environment for citywide water service provision: Insights from six successful cities

Transforming citywide sanitation provision: Utility voices on pit emptying and transport services in Kenya and Zambia

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