Evaluating the bone regeneration in calvarial defect using osteoblasts differentiated from adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells on three different scaffolds: an animal study

Abstract

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of three different scaffolds on the viability and differentiation of adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ADMSCs) to osteoblast for bone regeneration of calvarial defect in rabbit model. Adipose was harvested from the nape of 12 rabbits by direct surgery or hollow-tip cannula. Two standardized circular calvarial defects (case and control), 8 mm in diameter each, were created in all the animals. The animals were divided into 3 different groups. In group 1 (G1), the defect was filled with polyamide + ADMSC. In group 2, poly lactic-co-glycolic acid + ADMSC was used. In group 3, decellularized amniotic membrane + ADMSC was applied. In the control defect, the non-seeded scaffolds were applied for filling the defect. Decellularized pericardial scaffolds were used as a membrane on the scaffolds. The animals were euthanized 2, 4, and 8 weeks of operation and new bone formation was assessed by different analyses. Immunohistochemical (IHC) staining with osteopontin and osteocalcin antibodies was also performed. After 2 weeks of wound healing, minimal bone regeneration was detected in all groups. Almost complete defect closure was observed in all experimental groups after 8 weeks of operation, with the greatest defect closure in the animals treated with polyamide scaffolds as compared to biopsies obtained from control defects and other experimental groups. The maximal tensile load was higher in G1, 4 and 8 weeks postoperatively, suggesting the usefulness of polyamide + ADMSC for bone regeneration in calvarial defects. Results of the IHC staining demonstrated a significant difference between seeded and non-seeded scaffold in both short- and long-term follow-ups (P < 0.05). In addition, a significant difference was observed in enhancement of IHC staining of both markers in polyamide group (seeded or non-seeded) 4 and 8 weeks postoperatively in comparison with other scaffolds. It was concluded that bone regeneration in critical calvarial defect was more successful in seeded polyamide.

Bone regeneration of minipig mandibular defect by adipose derived mesenchymal stem cells seeded tri-calcium phosphate- poly(D,L-lactide-co-glycolide) scaffolds

“…So far, several experimental small animal models were performed to investigate the regeneration potential of ADSCs together with various scaffolds. The majority of these small animal studies indicate that the combination of ADSCs with different carrier materials has a beneficial impact on bone healing [36][37][38][39][40][41][42][43][44][45][46] .…”

Emerging Perspectives in Scaffold for Tissue Engineering in Oral Surgery

“…In fact, Wang et al demonstrated that the incorporation of MSCs in nanoparticles mixed with calcium phosphate cements (CPC), inserted into cranial defects in nude rats, promoted bone regeneration [28]. Thus, these scaffolds are suitable for bone regeneration, showing good results in newly formed bone volumes in animal studies [75, 78]. …”

Adipose Derived Stem Cells Conditioned Media in Combination with Bioceramic-Collagen Scaffolds Improved Calvarial Bone Healing in Hypothyroid Rats

“…ADMSC is a multipotent cell that can differentiate into adipogenic, osteogenic, chondrogenic, myogenic, neurogenic and endothelial cells (18,19). Treatment of calvarial defects with ADMSC transplantation has been demonstrated in the literature (20)(21)(22). Daei-farshbaf et al reported that ADMSC seeded on a bioceramic scaffold promoted calvarial bone healing in hypothyroid rats (23).…”