Eugenol-rich Fraction of Syzygium aromaticum (Clove) Reverses Biochemical and Histopathological Changes in Liver Cirrhosis and Inhibits Hepatic Cell Proliferation

Abstract

Background:Dried flower bud of Syzygium aromaticum (clove) is rich in eugenol, an antioxidant and antiinflammatory compound that can protect liver against injury. Clove, besides eugenol, also contains other pharmacologically active phytochemicals such as β-sitosterol and ascorbic acid. This study reports the effect of eugenol-rich fraction (ERF) of clove on liver cirrhosis induced by thioacetamide.Methods:Cirrhosis of the liver, which predisposes to hepatocellular carcinoma, was induced by administering thioacetamide (0.03%) in drinking water for 16 weeks. Cirrhotic animals were divided into two groups; the treated group was administered ERF for 9 weeks, one week after discontinuation of thioacetamide, while the other group received normal saline for a similar duration of time.Results:The treatment with ERF, as determined by histopathology and through a battery of biochemical markers of hepatic injury, oxidative stress and drug metabolizing enzymes, significantly ameliorated the signs of liver cirrhosis. It lowered the elevated levels of alkaline phosphatase, γ-glutamyl transferase and other biochemical changes in liver cirrhosis. Histopathology of the liver corroborated the effect of ERF with biochemical findings. ERF treatment further inhibited cell proliferation, as demonstrated by reduced [3H]-thymidine uptake.Conclusions:Data provide evidence supporting the protective action of ERF on liver cirrhosis. The study assumes significance because cirrhosis predisposes the liver to cancer, which is characterized by abnormal cell proliferation. ERF in this study is reported to inhibit hepatic cell proliferation and at the same time decrease oxidative stress, which might be the mechanism of protection against liver cirrhosis.

Versatile and Synergistic Potential of Eugenol: A Review

“…Besides the free radical scavenging activity, eugenol also has nitric oxide scavenging activity, and strong reducing power while determined by Griess reagent and FTC method respectively [6]. Not only the direct free radical scavenging activity in chemical system, eugenol also protected in vitro and in vivo ROS generation and ROS-induced lipidprotein and DNA damage as well as increased the cellular anti-oxidant, specifically, glutathione system ( Figure 3) [3,[17][18][19][20][21]. Wie et al (1997) reported that eugenol reversed neuronal excitotoxic or oxidative injury and had protective effect against N-methyl-D-aspartate-induced neurotoxicity.…”

Hepato-protective Effect of Clove Bud Polyphenols (Syzygium aromaticum L.) (Clovinol®) by Modulating Alcohol Induced Oxidative Stress and Inflammation

“…In this study, we found decrease in the activities of SOD, CAT and glutathione metabolizing GPx with concurrent depletion of GSH on ethanol treatment, indicating the increased oxidative stress which has been implied in the pathogenesis of alcohol-related diseases. Eugenol rich fraction of clove has earlier been reported to mitigate thioacetamide induced liver damage (Ali et al, 2014). Interestingly, Clovinol too could combat the oxidative stress as was evident in significant enhancement of the activities of these enzymes with significant replenishment of the endogenous antioxidant GSH.…”

“…Clove buds, rich in polyphenols such as flavonoids, hydrolysable tannins of ellagic acid and gallic acid (Issac et al, 2015) is one of the best antioxidant spice, often referred to as the 'Champion of spices ' (Perez-Jimenez, 2010;Milind, 2011;Shan et al, 2005). Besides, there have been reports on hepatoprotective effects of clove essential oil and clove extracts (Hadary and Ramadan Hassanien, 2015;Al-Okbi et al, 2014;Ali et al, 2014). The present study investigated the efficacy of Clovinol, the polyphenols of clove buds, as a hepatoprotective agent by assessing its effects on liver function markers as well as inflammatory and oxidative stress markers in the rat model for ethanol toxicity.…”

Quantification and Identification of Bioactive Eugenol in Myristica fragrans Seed Using Validated High Performance Thin Layer Chromatography Technique

“…Among these plant the maximum content of eugenol can be obtained from Eugenia caryophyllata, It is the principal source of clove oil which contains 45-90% eugenol as its constituent [1,3,4]. Eugenol, the principal component of Myristica fragrans seed extract is known to have several pharmacological properties [5][6][7][8][9][10]. This versatile bioactive compound is a key ingredient used in the production of perfumes, cosmetics, flavorings agents, culinary purposes and further therapeutically used in the treatment of a toothache.…”