Eugenol–piperine loaded polyhydroxy butyrate/polyethylene glycol nanocomposite‐induced apoptosis and cell death in nasopharyngeal cancer (C666‐1) cells through the inhibition of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway

Abstract

Nasopharyngeal cancer is a malignancy developing from the nasopharynx epithelium due to smoking and nitrosamine‐containing foods. Nasopharyngeal cancer is highly endemic to Southeast Asia. Eugenol and piperine have shown many anticancer activities on numerous cancer types, like colon, lung, liver, and breast cancer. In this study, we amalgamated eugenol and piperine loaded with a polyhydroxy butyrate/polyethylene glycol nanocomposite (Eu‐Pi/PHB‐PEG‐NC) for better anticancer results against nasopharyngeal cancer (C666‐1) cells. In the current study, nasopharyngeal cancer cell lines C666‐1 were utilized to appraise the cytotoxic potential of Eug‐Pip‐PEG‐NC on cell propagation, programmed cell death, and relocation. Eu‐Pi/PHB‐PEG‐NC inhibits cellular proliferation on C666‐1 cells in a dose‐dependent manner, and when compared with 20 µg/ml, 15 µg/ml of loaded mixture evidently restrained the passage aptitude of C666‐1 cells, this was attended with a downregulated expression of mitochondrial membrane potential. Treatment with 15 µg/ml Eu‐Pi/PHB‐PEG‐NC suggestively amplified cell apoptosis in the C666‐1 cells. Furthermore, its cleaved caspase‐3, 8, and 9 and Bax gene expression was augmented and Bcl‐2 gene expression was diminished after Eu‐Pi/PHB‐PEG‐NC treatment. Additionally, our data established that the collective effect of Eu‐Pi/PHB‐PEG‐NC loaded micelles inhibited the expansion of C666‐1 cells augmented apoptosis connected with the intrusion of PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway.

Protamine 1 as a secreted colorectal cancer-specific antigen facilitating G1/S phase transition under nutrient stress conditions

“…In the following part, biofunctions of PRM1 was identified by PRM1 protein or anti-PRM1supplementation which had significant influence on cell proliferation and cell cycles. In terms of mechanism, many extracellular signals including growth factors regulate cellular processes via PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway [32][33][34][35][36][37]. Herein, we observed increased activation of PI3K/AKT/ mTOR pathway after PRM1 overexpression and protein supplementation.…”

A Discovery Strategy for Active Compounds of Chinese Medicine Based on the Prediction Model of Compound-Disease Relationship

“…Studies have shown that eugenol can produce anticancer effects by blocking the cell cycle, inducing cell death, and inhibiting tumor cell metastasis. [33][34][35]. In addition, eugenol can reduce the toxicity of chemotherapy and its efficacy and can be used as an adjuvant drug for chemotherapy.…”

Effect of Piperine on Ir/IRS -1/AKT Signaling Molecules in High-Fat Diet and Sucrose-Fed Type 2 Diabetic Rat

“…Pepper contains a chemical compound known as piperine. It has a variety of pharmacological actions, including antioxidant, anti-obesity, and anti-diabetic qualities [4].…”