Eugenol-Containing Essential Oils Loaded onto Chitosan/Polyvinyl Alcohol Blended Films and Their Ability to Eradicate Staphylococcus aureus or Pseudomonas aeruginosa from Infected Microenvironments

Abstract

Chronic wounds (CW) create numerous entryways for pathogen invasion and prosperity, further damaging host tissue and hindering its remodeling and repair. Essential oils (EOs) exert quick and efficient antimicrobial (AM) action, unlikely to induce bacterial resistance. Cinnamon leaf and clove oils (CLO and CO) display strong AM activity, namely against Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Chitosan (CS) is a natural and biodegradable cationic polysaccharide, also widely known for its AM features. CS and poly (vinyl alcohol) (PVA) films were prepared (ratio 30/70 w/w; 9 wt%) by the solvent casting and phase inversion method. The film’s thermal stability and chemical composition data reinforced polymer blending and EO entrapment. Films were supplemented with 1 and 10 wt% of EO in relation to total polymeric mass. The film thickness and degree of swelling (DS) tended to increase with EO content, particularly with 10 wt % CLO (* p < 0.05). UV-visible absorbance scans in the 250–320 cm−1 region confirmed the successful uptake of CLO and CO into CS/PVA films, particularly with films loaded with 10 wt% EO that contained 5.30/5.32 times more CLO/CO than films supplemented with 1 wt% EO. AM testing revealed that CS films alone were effective against both bacteria and capable of eradicating all P. aeruginosa within the hour (*** p < 0.001). Still, loaded CS/PVA films showed significantly improved AM traits in relation to unloaded films within 2 h of contact. This study is a first proof of concept that CLO and CO can be dispersed into CS/PVA films and show bactericidal effects, particularly against S. aureus, this way paving the way for efficient CW therapeutics.

Chitosan, Polyethylene Glycol and Polyvinyl Alcohol Modified MgFe2O4 Ferrite Magnetic Nanoparticles in Doxorubicin Delivery: A Comparative Study In Vitro

“…Changes in size due to change in temperature has been reported to be due to poor cross-linking of molecules at lower temperatures [ 59 ]. PVA has further been reported to possess thermal stability and chain flexibility [ 60 ] which could have contributed to the condensed DOX- PVA-MgFe 2 O 4 nanocomplex at 4 °C and larger complexes at higher temperature. Overall, there was minimal changes in size especially at physiological pH, suggesting that the leaching of the DOX would be minimal under normal conditions, but severe changes in conditions may result in loss of conformations and leaching of the drug.…”

Polymeric Carriers Designed for Encapsulation of Essential Oils with Biological Activity

“…CS as a natural and biodegradable cationic polysaccharide with efficient antimicrobial action, together with PVA, were used to form a film embedded with cinnamon leaf and clove oils that display, as well, strong antimicrobial activity, especially against Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa [ 106 ]. The prepared CS/PVA films embedded with cinnamon leaf or clove oils demonstrated to be mechanically fit according to the investigation, presented efficient bactericidal effects after 2 h of direct contact in the infected microenvironments, and evidenced improved antimicrobial character compared with the unloaded films.…”

“…The following are available online at , Table S1: The table presenting the polymeric matrices utilized for essential oils (EOs) encapsulation was made based on the documentation performed for the realization of the review and highlights the EOs used and the resulted products with specific biological activity, together with the corresponding reference used. References [ 55 , 56 , 64 , 72 , 73 , 81 , 82 , 85 , 87 , 89 , 90 , 91 , 92 , 93 , 94 , 95 , 96 , 97 , 98 , 99 , 100 , 101 , 102 , 103 , 104 , 105 , 106 , 107 , 108 , 109 , 110 , 113 , 116 , 118 , 119 , 121 , 122 , 123 , 125 , 128 , 129 , 130 , 131 , 132 , 133 , 135 ,…”

An Insight into Biomolecules for the Treatment of Skin Infectious Diseases

“…Thymol and tyrosol derived from EOs have been proposed as potential additives to antimicrobial dressings by providing both bactericidal and anti-inflammatory effects [ 106 ]. Encapsulated EOs are very common in wound healing [ 107 ]. For instance, peppermint EOs loaded into nanostructured lipid carriers have demonstrated important antibacterial effects against a wide range of pathogenic strains, aside from increasing wound contraction, fibroblast penetration, collagen deposition, and re-epithelialization [ 108 ].…”