Etiological study of enteric viruses and the genetic diversity of norovirus, sapovirus, adenovirus, and astrovirus in children with diarrhea in Chongqing, China

Abstract

BackgroundEnteric viruses are a major cause of diarrhea in children, especially those <5 years old. Identifying the viral agents is critical to the development of effective preventive measures. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of common enteric viruses in children <5 years old presented with diarrhea to the Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University.MethodsFive hundred fecal samples were collected between August and November 2010 from children <5 years of age who presented with acute diarrhea at the Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University. All samples were tested for rotaviruses A, B, and C, noroviruses GI and GII, adenovirus, sapovirus, and astrovirus using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), or PCR. Partial sequences of norovirus, sapovirus, adenovirus, and astrovirus were phylogenetically analyzed to determine the genotype.ResultsEnteric viruses were detected in 302 of the 500 children who presented with acute diarrhea (277/477; 58.07%) and persistent diarrhea (5/23; 21.74%). In 277 samples from children with acute diarrhea in whom at least one viral agent was found, rotavirus A was the most frequent virus identified (132 cases; 27.67%), followed by norovirus GII in 130 cases (27.25%), adenovirus in 30 cases (6.29%), sapovirus in 9 cases (1.89%) and astrovirus in one case (0.21%). Twenty-two of the norovirus GII-positive cases were randomly selected for genotyping. GII/4 was the predominant strain, followed by GII/6, GII/2, GII/3, and GII/7. Sapovirus was classified into four genotypes: GI/1 was predominant, followed by GI/2, GII/1, and GIV. The predominant adenovirus was type 41. Mixed infections were found in 25 cases, all of which presented with acute diarrhea (25/477; 5.24%). Viruses were positive in 5/23 (21.74%) cases with persistent diarrhea. Neither rotavirus B, rotavirus C, nor norovirus GI were found in any of the samples.ConclusionsEnteric viruses are a major cause of diarrhea in children <5 years old in Chongqing. Rotavirus A is the most common etiological agent, follow by norovirus.

Epidemiology of enteric viruses in children with gastroenteritis in Ogun State, Nigeria

“…A relatively low frequency of coinfection (9.7%) was observed in this study, which is lower than previously reported in Burkina Faso (35.7%) and Brazil (14%), but higher compared with studies from China (5.2%), Northern Italy (2.3%), and Nigeria (7.1%) . This disparity amongst studies may be due to the number of viruses analyzed, viral detection methods, season of sampling, and sample size.…”

“…Worldwide, the prevalence of enteric viruses (EVs) in children with acute gastroenteritis has been reported to range from 29.6% to 85.6% . Previous studies in Nigeria showed the different prevalence of EVs infection .…”

Sapoviruses in Children With Acute Gastroenteritis From Manaus , Amazon Region, Brazil, 2010-2011

“…1 and 2). The GI.1 strain is commonly found worldwide, in studies conducted in Brazil, Thailand and China 17 , 13 , 30 . One sample presented the same genotype (GI.2) in both regions showing high similarity (99%) with the strain detected in midwest Brazil 18 .…”

Detection and genotyping of enteric viruses in hospitalized children with acute gastroenteritis in Belém, Brazil: Occurrence of adenovirus viremia by species F, types 40/41

“…The SaV genotype GI.1 accounted for 20% of the isolates in our study. The GI.1 lineage was previously reported with a positivity of 16.6% in Manaus, Brazil, 75% in Japan from 2000 to 2007 and 66.7% in China . GI.2 was identified in two samples in our study.…”