Abstract:Sponges (phylum Porifera) live in an aqueous milieu that contains dissolved organic carbon. This is degraded photochemically by ultraviolet radiation to alkenes, particularly to ethylene. This study demonstrates that sponge cells (here the demosponge Suberites domuncula has been used), which have assembled to primmorphs, react to 5 M ethylene with a significant up-regulation of intracellular Ca 2؉ concentration and with a reduction of starvation-induced apoptosis. In primmorphs from S. domuncula the expression… Show more
“…Ferguson (1982) measured uptake of amino acids by Cliona celata. Recently, Krasko et al (2000) demonstrated that primmorph cultures of Suberites domuncula were able to take up ethylene from seawater. The uptake of ethylene stimulated cell division, which indicates that it is used by the cells as a substrate.…”
The rate of food particle uptake of the tropical sponge Pseudosuberites aff. andrewsi was studied in relation to particle concentrations and particle size. A range of different concentrations of either the marine microalga Dunaliella tertiolecta (approximately 5-8 microm) or the marine cyanobacterium Synechococcus sp. (approximately 1 microm) was supplied to the sponges. D. tertiolecta had a pronounced effect on the filtration activity of the sponges: at concentrations higher than approximately 4 x 10(5) cells/cm(3), the filtration rates dropped dramatically. Such a clear effect was not found for Synechococcus sp. The results further showed that the maximal amount of food (when expressed in organic carbon) that can be taken up per cubic centimeter of sponge volume per unit of time should in principle be sufficient to enable growth (irrespective of the food particle type). At the maximal food particle concentration that did not affect the filtration rates, the uptake of organic carbon is already highly in excess of the amount of organic carbon that the sponges need to cope with their respiratory demand. Based on these findings, a series of growth experiments was carried out in which the sponges were subjected to a constant concentration of different types of food particles (Synechococcus sp. and the microalgae Chlorella sorokiniana and Nannochloropsis sp). Although initial growth was sometimes observed, continuous growth at a constant rate could not be obtained. It is concluded that qualitative aspects of feeding rather than quantitative aspects are the key to successful in vivo sponge culture.
“…Ferguson (1982) measured uptake of amino acids by Cliona celata. Recently, Krasko et al (2000) demonstrated that primmorph cultures of Suberites domuncula were able to take up ethylene from seawater. The uptake of ethylene stimulated cell division, which indicates that it is used by the cells as a substrate.…”
The rate of food particle uptake of the tropical sponge Pseudosuberites aff. andrewsi was studied in relation to particle concentrations and particle size. A range of different concentrations of either the marine microalga Dunaliella tertiolecta (approximately 5-8 microm) or the marine cyanobacterium Synechococcus sp. (approximately 1 microm) was supplied to the sponges. D. tertiolecta had a pronounced effect on the filtration activity of the sponges: at concentrations higher than approximately 4 x 10(5) cells/cm(3), the filtration rates dropped dramatically. Such a clear effect was not found for Synechococcus sp. The results further showed that the maximal amount of food (when expressed in organic carbon) that can be taken up per cubic centimeter of sponge volume per unit of time should in principle be sufficient to enable growth (irrespective of the food particle type). At the maximal food particle concentration that did not affect the filtration rates, the uptake of organic carbon is already highly in excess of the amount of organic carbon that the sponges need to cope with their respiratory demand. Based on these findings, a series of growth experiments was carried out in which the sponges were subjected to a constant concentration of different types of food particles (Synechococcus sp. and the microalgae Chlorella sorokiniana and Nannochloropsis sp). Although initial growth was sometimes observed, continuous growth at a constant rate could not be obtained. It is concluded that qualitative aspects of feeding rather than quantitative aspects are the key to successful in vivo sponge culture.
“…The TUNEL technique was then performed in order to detect DNA damage. The specificity of the assay has previously been verified in S. domuncula (Krasko et al 1999). We selected the concentration of H 2 O 2 that enhanced high DNA damage at 1 h followed by a recovery at 6 and 24 h to study if the decrease in levels of ssDNA damage was due to DNA repair or to apoptosis.…”
In the present study, we analyzed the effects of two major pollutants of the environment, tributyltin (TBT) and water-accommodated fraction (WAF) of diesel oil, on MAP kinase activation, apoptosis induction and DNA damage, in the marine sponge Suberites domuncula. Our results clearly demonstrated a differential activation of the MAPKs depending on the chemicals tested. TBT induced the activation of p38 and JNK while diesel oil enhanced activation of both ERK and p38. The activation of MAPKs was observed after 1 h exposure and 6 and 24 h of recovery in seawater. In addition, DNA fragmentation, assessed by two techniques, the Fast micromethod(®) and the TUNEL assay, was detected after sponges were treated with both chemicals. Moreover, the study of caspase 3/7 activity showed that apoptosis was induced and triggered with all concentrations of TBT but only at high diesel oil concentrations. After TBT exposure, a correlation was observed between JNK activation, caspase 3 activity and DNA damage while p38 activation followed the two latter parameters at high concentrations of diesel oil, suggesting that sponges enhanced a specific apoptotic pathway depending on the xenobiotic tested. This study demonstrated a high signal response by the sponge Suberites domuncula to the tested chemicals. Cell signaling pathway studies may thus be of use in water quality biomonitoring programs.
“…41 Considering the limitations of this assay, functional studies have been applied here. Until now the searches for caspases in sponges have been without success.…”
Section: Transfection Of Sponge Bcl-2 Into Human Hek-293 Cells M Wienmentioning
It is established that sponges, the phylogenetically oldest still extant phylum of Metazoa, possess key molecules of the apoptotic pathways, that is members from the Bcl-2 family and a pro-apoptotic molecule with death domains. Here we report on transfection studies of human cells with a sponge gene, GCBHP2. Sponge tissue was exposed to heat shock and tributyltin, which caused an upregulation of gene expression of GCBHP2. The cDNA GCBHP2 was introduced into human HEK-293 cells and mouse NIH-3T3 cells; the stable transfection was confirmed by the identification of the transcripts, by Western blotting as well as by immunofluorescence using antibodies raised against the recombinant polypeptide. HEK-293 cells, transfected with GCBHP2, showed high resistance to serum starvation and tributyltin treatment, compared to mock-transfected cells. In contrast to mock-transfected cells, GCBHP2-transfected cells activated caspase-3 to a lower extent. Thus, sponges contain gene(s) involved in apoptotic pathway(s) displaying their function also in human cells. Cell Death and Differentiation (2001) 8, 887 ± 898.
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