Ethnoveterinary for food‐producing animals and related food safety issues: A comprehensive overview about terpenes

Abstract

Alternatives to the use of conventional veterinary drugs in food‐producing animals have gained attention, such as the use of natural products (NPs), mainly to soften the risks to the animal, the environment, and consumer's health. Although NPs have consistent advantages over conventional drugs, they cannot be considered risk free under food safety matters. In this way, this document presents a comprehensive overview of the importance of considering both the pharmacological and toxicological properties of the constituents of a NP from plants intending the standardization and regulation of its use in food‐producing animals. Terpenes are the most diverse class of natural substances present in NP of vegetal origin with a broad range of biological activities that can be explored in veterinary science; however, certain plants and terpenes also have significant toxic effects, a fact that can harm the health of animals and consequently generate economic losses and risks for humans. In this context, this review gathered scientific data of vegetal species of importance to ethnoveterinary for food‐producing animals, which produce terpenes, its biological effects, and their implications on food safety issues for consumers. For this, more than 300 documents were selected from different online scientific databases. The present data and discussion may contribute to the rational commercial exploration of this class of NPs in veterinary medicine.

Ethnoveterinary Knowledge and Biological Evaluation of Plants Used for Mitigating Cattle Diseases: A Critical Insight Into the Trends and Patterns in South Africa

“…Preference of leaves over other parts of plants remain common for various reasons including the relatively ease of access when compared to other plant parts. Furthermore, leaves are synthesizing organ for some important plant secondary metabolites that may exert medicinal properties ( 92 – 94 ). From a conservation perspective, individual plants are often not threatened by leaf harvesting for medicinal purpose.…”

“…From a conservation perspective, individual plants are often not threatened by leaf harvesting for medicinal purpose. Roots constituted 27% and were the second most widely used plant parts, which may be due to rich pool of active compounds, especially terpenes ( 94 ). However, the selection of underground parts of the plant including the roots is not viable as it affects plant life and is considered to be highly detrimental to the survival of the whole plant if not done in a sustainable manner ( 95 ).…”

Plant-based veterinary practices in Jammu and Kashmir: A review of the trends, transfer and conservation of traditional ethnoveterinary knowledge

“…Also, Leaves are the main storehouse of several secondary metabolites that are more concentrated in leaves (Ghorbani 2005). Roots were the preferred part after leaves as they are rich in terpenes (Silva et al 2021). In terms of harvesting plant parts, sustainable measures should be adapted as the harvesting of underground part poses threat to the survival of the plant and also make it unavailable for long-term use (Chakale et al 2021).…”

Green Veterinary Pharmacology Applied to Parasite Control: Evaluation of Punica granatum, Artemisia campestris, Salix caprea Aqueous Macerates against Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Sheep

“…It is therefore necessary to identify alternative (or at least complementary) and sustainable practices for GIN control to minimize the use of chemicals and to counteract AR. These approaches would promote the animal, the environment, and consumer health [ 14 ]. In particular, plants’ therapeutic properties may be used in ethnoveterinary practices against GIN and would provide successful alternative remedies to synthetic drugs.…”