Ethnicity and Tourism Entrepreneurship in<sup>Java and Bali</sup>

Hitchcock, Michael

doi:10.1080/13683500008667873

Cited by 47 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…Some studies have examined the role of tourism in stimulating economic growth and/or alleviating poverty (Jayasuriya and Nehen, 1989;Booth, 1990;Shah and Gupta, 2000). Other studies have considered how to manage conflict between tourism and indigenous culture (McTaggart, 1980;Lietaer and De Meulenaere, 2003) or the linkages between tourism and smallscale entrepreneurship (Hitchcock, 2000). Hitchcock (2001) provided an overview of the effect of the Asian financial crisis on tourist arrivals in Bali.…”

Section: Related Literaturementioning

confidence: 99%

‘I’ve been to Bali too’ (and I will be going back): are terrorist shocks to Bali's tourist arrivals permanent or transitory?

2009

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Section: Related Literaturementioning

confidence: 99%

‘I’ve been to Bali too’ (and I will be going back): are terrorist shocks to Bali's tourist arrivals permanent or transitory?

2009

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“…Recognising owners' demographic characteristics and domestic circumstances are also important as small business owners' perceptions differ depending on age, gender, ethnicity, migratory status, and education (Carter et al, 2003;Hitchcock, 1999Hitchcock, , 2000Schellhorn, 2010). Acknowledging these and applying them to a township tourism setting led to the considerations highlighted in Table 1.…”

Section: The Orientation and Practices Of Micro Enterprisesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“You know that's a rip-off”: policies and practices surrounding micro-enterprises and poverty alleviation in South African township tourism

Koens

Thomas

2016

Journal of Sustainable Tourism

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Supporting the development of small tourism businesses has been seen by policymakers as a valuable means of alleviating poverty in South African townships.This perspective has been endorsed by several 'responsible' tourism businesses and academics. Following a review of the literature, this paper reports the findings of an empirical study that examined the practices of micro-business owners and the factors that shape their behaviour in two South African townships. In spite of significant visitor numbers, it finds that their narrow social networks and the imbalances of power between them and intermediaries such as travel agencies and tour operators prevent them from developing their businesses and sharing in the material gains that become available because of tourism. This analysis has important implications for local policy-makers and those advocating responsible tourism. For the former, it suggests a cessation of current initiatives in favour of greater regulation and alternative forms of investment. For the latter, it implies the need to reassess the utility of advocating responsible tourism to consumers in a context where they do not understand the dynamics which fashion what is on offer or the full implications of their choices.

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“…Despite some difficult years after the attacks, overall Bali's tourism industry continues to grow even in today's competitive era (Hitchcock and Putra, 2005;Henderson, 2003;Putra and Hitchcock, 2006 Picard, 1996;Minca, 2000, Ramstedt, 2012Berger, 2013). The increasing pressure on the environment and the associated planning and land use issues have been analysed by Wall, 1998;Cole, 2012 andCole andBrowne, 2015 for example, whereas socio-economic aspects have been covered such as local entrepreneurship (Shaw and Shaw 1999;Dahles and Bras 1999;Hitchcock 2000) and the significance of the growing informal sector (Cukier and Wall 1994;Baker and Coulter, 2007).…”

Section: 2mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…He was seen to be giving priority to foreigners for business opportunities although Jakarta companies could not be considered 'foreign' (Hitchcock, 2000;Hitchcock and Darma Putra, 2007). The perhaps most unpopular investment by foreign investors was the building of Pan Pacific Nirwana Bali resort within two kilometres of Tanah Lot, a sacred temple in Bali (Suasta and Connor 1999;Lewis and Lewis, 2009).…”

Section: ) Was Well Known For Favouring Foreign Investors and Thementioning

confidence: 99%

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Destination competitiveness: evidence from Bali

Chin

Haddock‐Fraser

Hampton

2015

Current Issues in Tourism

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Within the dynamic global tourism industry, understanding the reasons for a destination's competitiveness is essential in order to enhance its performance, facilitate more effective destination management, and inform its overall sustainable economic development. This paper applies Kim and Wicks' (2010) tourism cluster development model to Bali -a small, mature destination in the developing economy of Indonesia. It demonstrates that there are complex relationships between: (i) cluster actors; (ii) barriers preventing effective networking; and (iii) the significance of these interactions for the local host community. This paper contributes to the debate by addressing new and different attributes and actors such as transnational corporations (TNCs), universities, and the concept of co-opetition, as being significant attributes in Kim and Wicks' initial model. Through a qualitative approach involving n=23 semi-structured interviews, 2 this paper illustrates intricate issues and relationships that are identified in Bali, a small mature destination. Purposive sampling methods were employed to generate a range of key stakeholders who informed our understanding of 'cluster actors' in Kim and Wicks' terms. The systematic examination of these key tourism elements provides a detailed analysis of the destination's strengths and weaknesses, and a more nuanced understanding of what facilitates a destination's competitive position.Key words: destination competitiveness; cluster theory; impacts; island tourism; Indonesia As part of this, we explore the elements within Porter's Diamond (reformulated by Kim and Wicks); the relationship of cluster actors ( Figure 1); and how such factors affect the competitiveness of a small developing destination. This analysis illustrates complex relationships and linkages between cluster actors; barriers preventing effective networks; and highlights the significance of those interactions, which leads to wider understanding of the socioeconomic implications for the host community. Our analysis enables tourism policymakers to develop a more comprehensive understanding to enable strategic planning; helps identify destination strengths and weaknesses; as well as identification of barriers to progress.The paper is divided into six sections. First, we explore and critique the key literature relating to competitiveness models, rationalising the application of the Kim and Wicks (2010) model for this research. Second, a description of tourism in Bali is presented, followed by the methodology and research approach used. The main findings are analysed, highlighting destination competitiveness issues specifically for Bali, followed by a discussion. The paper concludes noting how this framework provides academics and policymakers with a useable tool to understand certain complexity, destination dynamics, and main actors. Literature Review of Competitiveness modelsMost academic work on destination competitiveness models (Dwyer and

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Ethnicity and Tourism Entrepreneurship in^{Java and Bali}

Cited by 47 publications

References 30 publications

‘I’ve been to Bali too’ (and I will be going back): are terrorist shocks to Bali's tourist arrivals permanent or transitory?

‘I’ve been to Bali too’ (and I will be going back): are terrorist shocks to Bali's tourist arrivals permanent or transitory?

“You know that's a rip-off”: policies and practices surrounding micro-enterprises and poverty alleviation in South African township tourism

Destination competitiveness: evidence from Bali

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Ethnicity and Tourism Entrepreneurship inJava and Bali

Cited by 47 publications

References 30 publications

‘I’ve been to Bali too’ (and I will be going back): are terrorist shocks to Bali's tourist arrivals permanent or transitory?

‘I’ve been to Bali too’ (and I will be going back): are terrorist shocks to Bali's tourist arrivals permanent or transitory?

“You know that's a rip-off”: policies and practices surrounding micro-enterprises and poverty alleviation in South African township tourism

Destination competitiveness: evidence from Bali

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Product

Resources

About

Ethnicity and Tourism Entrepreneurship in^{Java and Bali}