Ethnicity and the Persistence of Inequality

Thorp, Rosemary; Paredes, Maritza

doi:10.1057/9780230293137

Cited by 54 publications

(28 citation statements)

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“…In the last 15 years, Peru has experienced rapid economic growth and poverty reduction. However, inequality remains high, with a long history of exploiting and devaluing indigenous populations (Thorp and Paredes, 2010). According to UNICEF, as of 2009, 78 percent of children whose first language was Quechua or Aymara lived in poverty, compared to 40 percent of those who spoke Spanish as their first language.…”

Section: The Peruvian Contextmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Colonisers not only Feminist Encounters: A Journal of Critical Studies in Culture and Politics, 3(1-2), 13 © 2019 by Author/s 3 / 13 dispossessed and exploited indigenous populations, they also established firm hierarchies about worth and value. White and mestizo populations were linked with modernity and development, in contrast to indigenous populations, who were framed as backwards (Thorp and Paredes, 2010). Even today, Peru's indigenous populations are associated with the highlands region (as well as the jungle region), and are presented as 'out of place' in urban spaces (Seligmann, 2012).…”

Section: The Peruvian Contextmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Mothering in the Context of Poverty: Disciplining Peruvian Mothers through Children’s Rights

Aufseeser

2019

Feminist Encounters: A Journal of Critical Studies in Culture a

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This article explores discourses surrounding poverty and mothering in the context of Peru. It specifically suggests that claims in the name of children's rights provide a more morally acceptable way to discipline economically disadvantaged mothers. Mothers are framed as 'bad parents' when their children fail to experience so-called 'global childhoods', spent in school and the home, and not in paid work. However, in Andean culture, children begin working alongside their parents at a young age as they learn to become active members in society. Rather than recognising motherhood as socially constructed, internationally-funded NGOs and government officials emphasise a need to teach mothers about the cultural dangers of work. However, I suggest that in doing so, poverty is reframed as a cultural problem, of which mothers are to blame. This overlooks significant economic inequality as well as different conceptions of motherhood and childhood. The article examines how mothers negotiate competing demands in the context of discourses of global childhood, and is based on field work conducted over 14 months in 2009 and 2010, with follow up research in 2011 and 2014.

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Section: The Peruvian Contextmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: The Peruvian Contextmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mothering in the Context of Poverty: Disciplining Peruvian Mothers through Children’s Rights

Aufseeser

2019

Feminist Encounters: A Journal of Critical Studies in Culture a

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“…Consequently, measurement of group performance over time will be sufficient to give an indication of longer-term inequalities. HIs between ethnic, racial and gender groups often (but not always) persist over decades and even centuries (Stewart and Langer 2008;Thorp and Paredes 2010). Tilly defined such 'durable' inequality as categorical inequality and provided an explanation of why such inequality tends to persist in terms of opportunities, exploitation, emulation and adaptation -i.e.…”

Section: Over What Time?mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The worst situation for both women and children is to be situated in a poor part of a poor group. Not only is this likely to lead to the worst outcome indicators, but women and children in this situation are likely to be caught in a trap which involves life-long and intergenerational deprivation (Barrón Ayllón 2005;Bowles, Gintis et al 2005; Paes de Barros, Ferreira et al 2009;Thorp and Paredes 2010).…”

Section: Unicef's Rolementioning

confidence: 99%

Approaches towards Inequality and Inequity

Stewart

2013

Innocenti Discussion Papers

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Inequality, in various forms, is a major source of injustice, a cause of poverty, and sometimes of conflict. Children are often the victims. This paper analyses the different concepts of inequality, in particular differentiating individual, or vertical, and group, or horizontal, inequality, and adopting a plural approach to inequality, which involves moving beyond income to include some basic capabilities such as health, education and nutrition, and also inequalities in political power and cultural status. The paper discusses what a fair, or equitable, distribution is, drawing on some contributions of Western philosophers and economists. After reviewing different approaches, it argues that inequality among groups is particularly unjust. The paper argues for a plural perspective on the space in which inequality is assessed, following Sen's capability approach. Special attention needs to be given to those capabilities which affect people's basic life chances, including health, education and nutrition. It is argued that the assessment should relate to functionings (or outcomes) rather than capabilities (or possibilities), especially for children whose choices are severely constrained. The paper includes suggestions for identifying relevant categories for measurement of horizontal inequality (HI) in particular situations and makes some proposals for the type of measurement that is appropriate. It concludes with some suggestions for UNICEF activities and for research in this area. The approach suggested in the paper-with a focus on group inequalities and on plurality of assessments-is broadly consistent with UNICEF's existing approaches to these issues.

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“…The Peruvian Truth and Reconciliation Committee certainly emphasized the importance of structures of inequality as the main underlying cause to the fractures in Peruvian society. As Paulo Drinot observes in the introduction to this book, there is much focus on the institutionalization of these inequalities, and an emerging body of research focuses specifically on the development of institutions and the entrenchment of exclusion and marginalization (Drinot 2006, Ewig 2010, Oliart 2011a, 2011b, Thorp and Paredes 2010. Using Judith Butler's notion of normative violence as a subtle, but no less effective, additional layer to the analysis of intersecting inequalities and violence in Peru, I intend to show how the every day interaction between people leads to a naturalization of inequalities, i.e., racism and sexism justify the different treatment of people, and thereby, reproduce socio-economic difference.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Inequality, Normative Violence, and Livable Life: Judith Butler and Peruvian Reality

Boesten¹

2014

Peru in Theory

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Despite the ascent to power of several high profile women throughout Latin America and the Caribbean many indicators show that women still suffer from high levels of gender inequality. In Peru, women occupy 21.5 per cent of parliamentary seats (UNDP 2013), and have been very visible, some in high profile positions, within municipal, regional and national government since the 1990s. A quota system obliges political parties to include to reserve 30 percent of their electoral lists to women, and since 1996, a women's machinery within government addresses (some) issues related to women's vulnerability, if arguably not equality. Indeed, improvement in representation has not solved some of the major ills of gender inequality: violence against women, including rape, continues to be appallingly high, reproductive and sexual rights and health are still contested, and the labor market continues to favor men.2 How can we understand women's increasing representation and visibility in politics parallel to continuing high levels of gender-based violence and the opposition to abortion?Of course, the problems of the majority of the population are, by definition, not necessarily the problems of the minority that might have access to political positions. Peruvian feminisms, as most Latin American feminisms, have always had difficulty dealing with the intersectionality of women's oppression, and privileged middle class women are not always capable of including in their political projects perspectives of less fortunate women and their struggles.3 Divisions grounded in race, class and gender 1 I thank Paulo Drinot for inviting me on this project, and commenting on earlier versions. Reading group mates Polly Wilding, Bina Fernandez and Gabrielle Lynch provided valuable comments on an earlier version of this paper, for which I am grateful. Thanks also for the comments of an anonymous reviewer. The usual caveats apply. 2 Less women are employed, more women work in the informal sector, and there is a significant pay gap between the sexes. For employment data, see the National Institute of Statistics, INEI: http://www.inei.gob.pe/estadisticas/indice-tematico/ocupacion-y-vivienda/ Fertility rates have gone down dramatically since the 1990s due to an aggressive sterilization programme, but abortion is still illegal, and some modern contraceptives are very difficult to obtain, especially in rural areas. Sexual violence is rife (e.g. Cáceres 2005), and adolescent pregnancy high: 13.2 % of all young women between 15 and 19 was a mother or pregnant with a first child in 2012 (ENDES 2012). A recent study shows that Peru is probably one of the countries with highest rates of sexual violence, but especially with an increase in the reporting of such violence. Research shows that young women (<18) are most vulnerable to sexual violence (Mujica 2011), although sexual violence in marriage is unaccounted for. The National Demographic and Family Health Survey (ENDES) of 2012 indicates that 37.2 % of women in relationships ever experienced physical and...

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Ethnicity and the Persistence of Inequality

Cited by 54 publications

References 0 publications

Mothering in the Context of Poverty: Disciplining Peruvian Mothers through Children’s Rights

Mothering in the Context of Poverty: Disciplining Peruvian Mothers through Children’s Rights

Approaches towards Inequality and Inequity

Inequality, Normative Violence, and Livable Life: Judith Butler and Peruvian Reality

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