Mothering in the Context of Poverty: Disciplining Peruvian Mothers through Children’s Rights

Abstract

This article explores discourses surrounding poverty and mothering in the context of Peru. It specifically suggests that claims in the name of children's rights provide a more morally acceptable way to discipline economically disadvantaged mothers. Mothers are framed as 'bad parents' when their children fail to experience so-called 'global childhoods', spent in school and the home, and not in paid work. However, in Andean culture, children begin working alongside their parents at a young age as they learn to become active members in society. Rather than recognising motherhood as socially constructed, internationally-funded NGOs and government officials emphasise a need to teach mothers about the cultural dangers of work. However, I suggest that in doing so, poverty is reframed as a cultural problem, of which mothers are to blame. This overlooks significant economic inequality as well as different conceptions of motherhood and childhood. The article examines how mothers negotiate competing demands in the context of discourses of global childhood, and is based on field work conducted over 14 months in 2009 and 2010, with follow up research in 2011 and 2014.

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“…The findings also revealed that male students perceive more family loneliness than do their female peers. These findings are also consistent with some characteristics and parenting behavior styles that are still dominant in Peruvian society, which are associated with family kinship, household structures, and social stereotypes related to gender roles (Scott, 1990;Aufseeser, 2019).…”

Motherhood and the contradictions of feminism: Appraising claims towards emancipation in the perspective of surrogacy

“…Peruvian mothers, living in a context of poverty, engage their children in vending food and souvenirs on the city streets, bring them to the fields where they work, or rely on children to watch the street food stand while the mother is away (Aufseeser, 2019). Mothers are aware of street risks but, as they very often raise their children alone, they struggle to create care networks to protect their children while on the street.…”

“…To this end, they apply complex strategies where the child’s well-being is integrated into the family’s well-being; yet they are criticized, more often than not, as ‘bad mothers’ for non-compliance with global perceptions of ‘good childrearing’. They, too, often portray motherhood as altruistic – for the benefit of the children whom they consider as a gift, given to save them from loneliness and disarray (Aufseeser, 2019: 8).…”