Ethnicity and Gender in the Face of a Terrorist Attack: A National Longitudinal Study of Immediate Responses and Outcomes Two Years After September 11

Chu, Thai Q.; Seery, Mark D.; Ence, Whitney; Holman, E. Alison; Silver, Roxane Cohen

doi:10.1207/s15324834basp2804_2

Cited by 25 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…In addition, the present research contributes to the growing psychological literature on responses to terrorism. Previous work on this topic has focused on stress and traumarelated responses in the aftermath of terrorism (e.g., Chu, Seery, Ence, Holman, & Silver, 2006;Somer, Ruvio, Sever, & Soref, 2007). Other work has investigated individuals' perceptions and emotions after a particular terrorist attack, such as 9/11 (Bergstrom & McCaul, 2004) or the London bombings (Bux & Coyne, 2009).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Understanding the power of the picture: the effect of image content on emotional and political responses to terrorism

Iyer

Webster

Hornsey

et al. 2014

J Applied Social Pyschol

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ReuseUnless indicated otherwise, fulltext items are protected by copyright with all rights reserved. The copyright exception in section 29 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 allows the making of a single copy solely for the purpose of non-commercial research or private study within the limits of fair dealing. The publisher or other rights-holder may allow further reproduction and re-use of this version -refer to the White Rose Research Online record for this item. Where records identify the publisher as the copyright holder, users can verify any specific terms of use on the publisher's website. TakedownIf you consider content in White Rose Research Online to be in breach of UK law, please notify us by emailing eprints@whiterose.ac.uk including the URL of the record and the reason for the withdrawal request. Viewing images of terrorism can have a powerful impact on individuals' emotional and political responses, yet little is known about the psychological processes underlying these effects. We hypothesized that the content of terrorism images will shape viewers' appraisals of the event, which will elicit specific emotions and political attitudes. Acts of terrorism deliver political messages in a dramatic fashion-a goal that is increasingly facilitated in the era of 24-hour news reporting. In an era of saturation coverage in the print, television, and Internet media, people around the world are regularly exposed to graphic images of terrorist acts. As a result, even those who are far removed from the physical sites of terrorism can experience the powerful impact of these attacks.Individuals who do not directly witness a terrorist attack tend to rely on the media to provide information about such events (Chermak & Gruenwald, 2006;Nacos, 2003 Images are capable of communicating the details of an event in succinct and captivating ways, so much so that they have been termed "visual quotations" (Sontag, 2003). A photograph is especially likely to communicate a particular frame or perspective, as any twodimensional still image is constrained in its ability to represent the individuals and objects The Impact of Media Coverage on Viewers' Understandings of TerrorismThe different terrorism frames that are presented in the media have the capacity to shape the parameters of public debate (see Picard, 1993). For instance, news coverage can bestow legitimacy upon a particular view and ensure widespread dissemination of its ideas; such publicity and status then serves to attract additional support and resources to its cause (Chermak & Gruenewald, 2006;Weimann & Winn, 1994). Given the broad reach of the media, various theoretical accounts propose that media reports should influence the viewing public's views towards the event in question (e.g., Deprez & Raeymaeckers, 2010;McLaughlin & Baker, 2010). Research has shown that exposure to media coverage of terrorism increases anxiety and fear (Gadarian, 2010;Slone, 2000), and that these emotions at least partly determine viewers' attitudes toward terrorism (Gadarian, 20...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Understanding the power of the picture: the effect of image content on emotional and political responses to terrorism

Iyer

Webster

Hornsey

et al. 2014

J Applied Social Pyschol

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“…Solomon, Gelkopf, & Bleich, 2005), Latinos and African Americans reported higher levels of threat and anxiety than did Whites in response to the events of 9/11 (Huddy, Feldman, Capelos, & Provost, 2002;Huddy et al, 2005). In general, African Americans and women responded witb greater emotion to the terrorist attacks (Chu, Seery, Ence, Holman, & Silver, 2006), Blacks were somewhat more likely than Whites to assess a higher risk of future terrorism, although they did not experience higher levels of anxiety. Latinos experienced higher levels of depression (Huddy et al, 2005;Schlenger et al,, 2002), One explanation for these observed findings is that those lower in social status tend to experience higher levels of stress in general, potentially heightening their affective response to threatening events Perilla, Norris, & Lavizzo, 2002;Vaughan, 1993;Wilkinson, 2005).…”

Section: Gender Race and Ethnicitymentioning

confidence: 91%

Americans respond politically to 9/11: Understanding the impact of the terrorist attacks and their aftermath.

Huddy¹,

Feldman²

2011

American Psychologist

166

129

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The 9/11 terrorist attacks have had profound effect on U.S. domestic and foreign security policy, leading to several expensive wars and the erosion of civil liberties (under the USA PATRIOT Act). We review evidence on political reactions to the 9/11 attacks and conclude that subjective reactions to terrorism played an important role in shaping support for national security policy in the wake of 9/11. Support for a strong national security policy was most pronounced among Americans who perceived the nation as at threat from terrorism and felt angry at terrorists. In contrast, Americans who were personally affected by the attacks were more likely to feel anxious about terrorism, and this anxiety translated into less support for overseas military action. In addition, Americans who felt insecure after the 9/11 attacks and perceived a high future threat of terrorism were more likely than others to support strong foreign and domestic national security policies. Overall, research on American political reactions to 9/11 suggests that support for a strong government response to terrorism is most likely when members of a population perceive a high risk of future terrorism and feel angry at terrorists.

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“…Ford, Adams, and Daily (8) and Chu et al. (25) found Hispanic ethnicity to be a risk factor for reporting psychological problems. Rubin, Brewin, Greenberg, Simpson and Wesseley (26) found that being non‐white as well as Muslim predicted substantial distress after the 2005 bombing in London.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

The mental health impact of terrorism in Israel: A repeat cross‐sectional study of Arabs and Jews

Gelkopf

Solomon

Berger³

et al. 2008

Acta Psychiatr Scand

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Ethnicity and Gender in the Face of a Terrorist Attack: A National Longitudinal Study of Immediate Responses and Outcomes Two Years After September 11

Cited by 25 publications

References 36 publications

Understanding the power of the picture: the effect of image content on emotional and political responses to terrorism

Understanding the power of the picture: the effect of image content on emotional and political responses to terrorism

Americans respond politically to 9/11: Understanding the impact of the terrorist attacks and their aftermath.

The mental health impact of terrorism in Israel: A repeat cross‐sectional study of Arabs and Jews

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