Ethnic variation in outcome of people hospitalised during the first COVID-19 epidemic wave in Wales (UK): an analysis of national surveillance data using Onomap, a name-based ethnicity classification tool

Thomas, Daniel; Orife, Oghogho; Plimmer, Amy; Williams, Christopher J.; Karani, George; Evans, Meirion Rhys; Longley, Paul; Janiec, Janusz; Saltus, Roiyah; Shankar, Ananda Giri

doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2020-048335

Cited by 13 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…After excluding studies which contained duplicate patient data, 77 studies comprising over 200,000,000 confirmed COVID-19 cases were included. 4 , 29 , 30 , 31 , 32 , 33 , 34 , 35 , 36 , 37 , 38 , 39 , 40 , 41 , 42 , 43 , 44 , 45 , 46 , 47 , 48 , 49 , 50 , 51 , 52 , 53 , 54 , 55 , 56 , 57 , 58 , 59 , 60 , 61 , 62 , 63 , 64 , 65 , 66 , 67 , 68 , 69 , 70 , 71 , 72 , 73 , 74 , 75 , 76 , 77 , 78 , 79 , 80 , 81 , 82 , 83 , 84 , 85 , 86 , 87 , 88 , 89 , 90 , 91 , 92 , 93 , 94 , 95 , 96 , 97 , 98 , ...…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ethnic inequalities in COVID-19 infection, hospitalisation, intensive care admission, and death: a global systematic review and meta-analysis of over 200 million study participants

Irizar¹,

Pan²,

Kapadia³

et al. 2023

eClinicalMedicine

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ethnic inequalities in COVID-19 infection, hospitalisation, intensive care admission, and death: a global systematic review and meta-analysis of over 200 million study participants

Irizar¹,

Pan²,

Kapadia³

et al. 2023

eClinicalMedicine

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“…Adjusted models (see below) used data on the proportion of residents in each MSOA on low-income-related benefits, from the Welsh Index of Multiple Deprivation18; and population density, proportion of residents aged 65 or older, per cent identifying their ethnicity as ‘White Welsh/English/Scottish/Northern Irish/British’ from the 2011 UK Census 19. These variables were selected as factors associated with both COVID-1920 21 and social capital22 23 in other studies, and thus potential for confounding.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Social capital and geographical variation in the incidence of COVID-19: an ecological study

Saville

Thomas

2022

J Epidemiol Community Health

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BackgroundThe new behavioural norms needed to reduce the spread of COVID-19 are likely scaffolded by social capital. Research on social capital and COVID-19 has yielded mixed results, with some studies finding it to be protective while others identifying it as a risk factor. We examined the association between social capital and COVID-19 at a finer spatial scale than previous research, and examined changes in the relationship over the course of the pandemic.MethodsRoutine COVID-19 surveillance data from Wales were linked to estimates of social capital at a small area level. Generalised linear mixed effects models predicting COVID-19 case rates across areas using social capital estimates and possible confounding variables were fitted to the data. A moving window version of the analysis explored whether this relationship varied across time.ResultsAreas with higher levels of social capital had lower rates of COVID-19 (rate ratio for trust=0.94, 95% CI 0.92 to 0.96; rate ratio for belonging=0.94, 95% CI 0.92 to 0.96). These associations were strongest during periods of lockdown, with evidence that social capital was less protective, and potentially even a risk factor, during periods when restrictions were eased. Trust, but not belonging, remained protective after adjusting for deprivation, population density, ethnicity and proportion population aged over 65 years.ConclusionsSocial capital is an important public health resource, which should be considered in future pandemic preparedness. Its importance may be greatest during times when social activity is most restricted.

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“…A study from the United Kingdom showed that South Asian ethnicity was associated with a reduced risk of admission to ICU [ 26 ]. In contrast, another study from the United Kingdom showed that black, Asian and other ethnic minorities had increased risks of ICU admission [ 27 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Migration background and COVID-19 related intensive care unit admission and mortality in the Netherlands: A cohort study

et al. 2023

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Background Since the beginning of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, studies have been reporting inconsistently on migration background as a risk factor for COVID-19 outcomes. The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between migration background and clinical outcomes with COVID-19 in the Netherlands. Methods This cohort study included 2,229 adult COVID-19 patients admitted in two Dutch hospitals between February 27, 2020 and March 31, 2021. Odds ratios (ORs) for hospital admission, intensive care unit (ICU) admission and mortality with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated for non-Western (Moroccan, Turkish, Surinamese or other) persons as compared with Western persons in the general population of the province of Utrecht (the Netherlands) as source population. Furthermore, among hospitalized patients, Hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% CIs for in-hospital mortality and intensive care unit (ICU) admission were calculated using Cox proportional hazard analyses. Hazard ratios were adjusted for age, sex, body mass index, hypertension, Charlson Comorbidity Index, chronic corticosteroid use before admission, income, education and population density to investigate explanatory variables. Results Of the 2,229 subjects, 1,707 were of Western origin and 522 were of non-Western origin. There were 313 in-hospital deaths and 503 ICU admissions. As compared with persons with a Western origin in the general population of the province of Utrecht, the ORs for non-Western persons was 1.8 (95% CI 1.7–2.0) for hospitalization, 2.1 (95% CI 1.7–2.5) for ICU admission and 1.3 (95% CI 1.0–1.7) for mortality. Among hospitalized patients, HR for ICU admission was 1.1 (95% CI 0.9–1.4) and 0.9 (95% CI 0.7–1.3) for mortality for non-Western hospitalized persons as compared with hospitalized patients of Western origin after adjustment. Conclusion Non-Western persons, including Moroccan, Turkish and Surinamese subjects, had increased risks of hospital admission, ICU admission and COVID-19 related death on a population level. Among hospitalized COVID-19 patients, no association was found between migration background and ICU admission or mortality.

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Ethnic variation in outcome of people hospitalised during the first COVID-19 epidemic wave in Wales (UK): an analysis of national surveillance data using Onomap, a name-based ethnicity classification tool

Cited by 13 publications

References 10 publications

Ethnic inequalities in COVID-19 infection, hospitalisation, intensive care admission, and death: a global systematic review and meta-analysis of over 200 million study participants

Ethnic inequalities in COVID-19 infection, hospitalisation, intensive care admission, and death: a global systematic review and meta-analysis of over 200 million study participants

Social capital and geographical variation in the incidence of COVID-19: an ecological study

Migration background and COVID-19 related intensive care unit admission and mortality in the Netherlands: A cohort study

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