“…Even if decision makers are motivated to be impartial, bias may sneak in inadvertently. This has been demonstrated for race (Rachlinski, Johnson et al 2008) and ethnicity (Gazal-Ayal and Sulitzeanu-Kenan 2010, Choi, Harris et al 2022), gender (Kulik, Perry et al 2003, Miller 2019, ideology (Furgeson, Babcock et al 2008) or induced punishment philosophy (McFatter 1978), and for the stereotype that tattoos are typical for criminals, and hence predict guilt (Funk and Todorov 2013). Legal education mitigates the effect of stereotypes, but only if the learned rules are simple, rather than judgmental -rules, rather than standards, in the terminology often used in law and economics (Girvan 2016).…”