Ethnic and sex differences on the test of Nonverbal intelligence, quick test of intelligence, and Wechsler intelligence scale for children-revised

Vance, Booney; Hankins, Norman; Brown, Wesley

doi:10.1002/1097-4679(198803)44:2<261::aid-jclp2270440228>3.0.co;2-4

Cited by 18 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…The normed Quick Test has an average normed score of 100 (standard deviation [ SD ] = 10) and in the current sample M = 87 (control: M = 90; maltreated: M = 84; Perez & Widom, 1994). The normative sample was stratified across socioeconomic status (SES) backgrounds and has been successfully used with ethnically diverse samples (Vance, Hankins, & Brown, 1988). Quick Test scores correlate highly with the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) full scale and verbal ( r = .79 to .86) IQs (Dizzone & Davis, 1973) and have shown good reliability and validity (Joesting & Joesting, 1972; Zagar et al, 2013).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Higher Levels of Intelligence and Executive Functioning Protect Maltreated Children Against Adult Arrests: A Prospective Study

Nikulina

Widom

2018

Child Maltreat

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Research shows that maltreated children are at elevated risk for arrest as adults and that higher verbal intelligence, reading ability, and executive functioning (abstract reasoning and cognitive flexibility) may be protective against criminal behavior. The current study examines this hypothesis using data from court substantiated cases of child abuse and neglect and demographically matched controls followed prospectively into middle adulthood (N = 1,196). At age 29, verbal intelligence was assessed with the Quick Test and reading ability with the WRAT-R. At age 41, abstract reasoning was assessed with the Matrix Reasoning test and cognitive flexibility with the Trail Making Test-B. Arrest records were gathered from law enforcement agencies through mean age 51. Data were analyzed with binomial logistic regressions. The results indicated that maltreated children were at increased risk for arrest for nonviolent and violent crime. Higher verbal intelligence, reading ability, nonverbal reasoning, and cognitive flexibility were protective against arrest for violent crime. The protective effects of neuropsychological functions were more pronounced for violent than nonviolent crime, for the control than maltreated children, and differed by gender and race. These results suggest that interventions targeting improved cognitive and neuropsychological functions may serve an important role in reducing risk for crime.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Higher Levels of Intelligence and Executive Functioning Protect Maltreated Children Against Adult Arrests: A Prospective Study

Nikulina

Widom

2018

Child Maltreat

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“…Quick test scores correlate highly with WAIS (Wechsler adult intelligence scale) full scale (.79–.80) and verbal (.79–.86) IQ scores (Dizzone & Davis, 1973). The Quick test has been used with a variety of subject populations and seems resistant to the type of decrement in performance on intelligence test tasks often associated with psychopathology (Dizzone & Davis, 1973; Gendreau, Gendreau & Roach, 1973; Sinnett, Holen, & Davie, 1988; Vance, Hankins, & Brown, 1988; Vance, Hankins & Reynolds, 1988). …”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Long-Term Consequences of Child Abuse and Neglect on Adult Economic Well-Being

2010

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Child abuse and neglect represent major threats to child health and well-being; however, little is known about consequences for adult economic outcomes. Using a prospective cohort design, court substantiated cases of childhood physical and sexual abuse and neglect during 1967–1971 were matched with nonabused and nonneglected children and followed into adulthood (mean age 41). Outcome measures of economic status and productivity were assessed in 2003–2004 (N = 807). Results indicate that adults with documented histories of childhood abuse and/or neglect have lower levels of education, employment, earnings, and fewer assets as adults, compared to matched control children. There is a 14% gap between individuals with histories of abuse/neglect and controls in the probability of employment in middle age, controlling for background characteristics. Maltreatment appears to affect men and women differently, with larger effects for women than men. These new findings demonstrate that abused and neglected children experience large and enduring economic consequences.

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“…The concept of &dquo;comparable numbers of information processing modules&dquo; in the cerebral cortices of males and females was proposed based on the demonstration of comparable performance on intelligence tests by normal male and female children and adults. [21][22][23][24][25] This equality is based on the premise that the female cortex is more convoluted, with higher neuronal densities, than the male cortex to compensate for the larger male brain size (discussed by Willerman et aI26). However, such a concept's structural basis might need modification since the present data show higher neuronal densities in males, not females.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Gender Differences in the Human Cerebral Cortex: More Neurons in Males; More Processes in Females

et al. 1999

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This study's objective was to investigate morphometric gender differences of the cerebral cortex in six males and five females, 12 to 24 years old. Though human brains lack sexual dimorphism on routine neuropathologic examinations, gender-specific brain weight, functional, and morphologic differences exist, suggesting that cortical differences may be found. Yet the cerebral cortex may be exempt from gender differences, as demonstrated by the fact that normal males and females perform comparably on intelligence tests. Stereologic morphometry on standardized histologic sections from 30 bilateral cortical loci determined cortical thickness, neuronal density, and derived neuronal number estimates. The mean +/- SD cortical thickness of the 60 loci examined was similar in males and females with right and left hemispheric gender ratios being balanced. In contrast, the average neuronal density of the same 60 loci was significantly higher in the male group than in the female group, and the corresponding mean male-to-female ratios were 1.18 in the right and 1.13 in the left hemisphere, which differ significantly from each other and from the balanced cortical thickness ratios. Estimates of neuronal numbers -- the product of neuronal thickness times density -- were 13% higher in males than in females, with mean male-to-female ratios of 1.13 in both hemispheres. The data provide morphologic evidence of considerable cerebral cortical dimorphism with the demonstration of significantly higher neuronal densities and neuronal number estimates in males, though with similar mean cortical thickness, implying a reciprocal increase in neuropil/neuronal processes in the female cortex.

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Ethnic and sex differences on the test of Nonverbal intelligence, quick test of intelligence, and Wechsler intelligence scale for children-revised

Cited by 18 publications

References 15 publications

Higher Levels of Intelligence and Executive Functioning Protect Maltreated Children Against Adult Arrests: A Prospective Study

Higher Levels of Intelligence and Executive Functioning Protect Maltreated Children Against Adult Arrests: A Prospective Study

Long-Term Consequences of Child Abuse and Neglect on Adult Economic Well-Being

Gender Differences in the Human Cerebral Cortex: More Neurons in Males; More Processes in Females

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