“…Compared with the aforementioned top-down approach, the bottom-up approach advocates for the central role of citizens and local communities in branding a place (Goulart Sztejnberg & Giovanardi, 2017). This adheres to the logic that identity building is at the core of nation branding (Dinnie, 2016; Volcic & Andrejevic, 2011), and the process of defining and spreading a national identity should involve both state and non-state or even non-political actors (Polese, Ambrosio, & Kerikmäe, 2020). As noted, the people of a place are crucial as their characteristics and behaviours constitute the essential meaning of a place brand, by acting as information providers giving credibility to the communication about a place brand (Kavaratzis, 2012), as advocates in developing and implementing the place brand strategy; as advisors to local government’s decision-making; and/or as creators of the place experience via participating in mega events (Eugenio-Vela, Ginesta, & Kavaratzis, 2020; Molinillo, Anaya-Sánchez, Morrison, & Coca-Stefaniak, 2019).…”