Ethical Considerations of Public Relations Practitioners: An Empirical Analysis of the TARES Test

Lieber, Paul S.

doi:10.1207/s15327728jmme2004_5

Cited by 16 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…9. For more on the TARES Test, see also Lieber, 2005;Tilley, 2005, p. 318;Patterson & Wilkins, 2005, pp. 62-64;Martinson & Baker, 2003;Baker & Martinson, 2002.…”

Section: Notesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For more on the TARES Test, see also Lieber, 2005;Tilley, 2005, p. 318;Patterson & Wilkins, 2005, pp. 62-64;Martinson & Baker, 2003;Baker & Martinson, 2002. Lieber (2005 conducted an empirical study of the moral decision making of public relations practitioners based on the TARES Test.…”

Section: Notesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Lieber (2005 conducted an empirical study of the moral decision making of public relations practitioners based on the TARES Test. He concluded that the 5-part test would be "better suited for a 3-factor configuration" (Lieber, 2005, p. 288) that he identifies as civility, integrity and credibility (Lieber, 2005, p. 296). His findings are descriptive rather than normative in that they report on practitioner practices.…”

Section: Notesmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

The Model of The Principled Advocate and The Pathological Partisan: A Virtue Ethics Construct of Opposing Archetypes of Public Relations and Advertising Practitioners

Baker

2008

Journal of Mass Media Ethics

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Drawing upon contemporary virtue ethics theory, The Model of The Principled Advocate and The Pathological Partisan is introduced. Profiles are developed of diametrically opposed archetypes of public relations and advertising practitioners. The Principled Advocate represents the advocacy virtues of humility, truth, transparency, respect, care, authenticity, equity, and social responsibility. The Pathological Partisan represents the opposing vices of arrogance, deceit, secrecy, manipulation, disregard, artifice, injustice, and raw self-interest. One becomes either a Principled Advocate or a Pathological Partisan by habitually enacting or embodying the virtues or vices in the context of professional practices.

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“…9. For more on the TARES Test, see also Lieber, 2005;Tilley, 2005, p. 318;Patterson & Wilkins, 2005, pp. 62-64;Martinson & Baker, 2003;Baker & Martinson, 2002.…”

Section: Notesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Notesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Notesmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

The Model of The Principled Advocate and The Pathological Partisan: A Virtue Ethics Construct of Opposing Archetypes of Public Relations and Advertising Practitioners

Baker

2008

Journal of Mass Media Ethics

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“…Until more recently, little empirical work has focused on ethics in public relations. Lieber (2005), who surveyed 116 public relations practitioners, found that ethical considerations differed based on age, education, gender, and political ideology. Bowen et al's (2006) study of International Association of Business Communicators surveyed 1,827 IABC members and other professional communicators worldwide found several disturbing findings.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Despite the inroads in public relations ethics research (e.g. Lieber, 2005;Bowen, 2006;Coleman and Wilkins, 2009), there is little systematic empirical research on the nature of ethical knowledge in public relations. Most studies sought to examine the state of ethics in the field of public relations without focusing on understanding the nature of ethical knowledge in public relations or addressing how ethical knowledge is shared or transmitted in the profession.…”

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confidence: 99%

A knowledge management approach to understanding ethical knowledge in public relations

Lee

2012

Journal of Communication Management

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PurposeThis study aims to explicate the characteristics of ethical knowledge according to a knowledge management theoretical framework that conveys ethical knowledge as a form of tacit knowledge that is personal, subjective, intangible, and difficult to communicate to others.Design/methodology/approachThe study is based on a survey with 350 public relations practitioners in the USA.FindingsThe findings show that ethical knowledge in public relations, as a professional construct, is tacit only to the extent that it is a personal body of knowledge grounded in individual actions and experiences, but it is explicit in that it is tangible and could be communicated and shared in the workplace. Age, work experience and the number of ethics courses taken in an individual's public relations career are some of the significant determinants shaping the public relations practitioners' conceptualizations of ethical knowledge.Practical implicationsThe study reinforces the importance of a holistic approach to ethics, where structured and formal training programs and codes of ethics are supported directly by a congruence between formal initiatives and public relations professionals' personal values.Originality/valueBy explicating the characteristics of ethical knowledge and its implications on knowledge transfer of ethics in public relations, and in understanding the determinants shaping public relations professionals' conceptualization of ethical knowledge, this study offers an empirical contribution to an area of study that has received mostly normative and philosophical discussion.

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Moral development in public relations: Measuring duty to society in strategic communication

Lieber

2008

Public Relations Review

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Ethical Considerations of Public Relations Practitioners: An Empirical Analysis of the TARES Test

Cited by 16 publications

References 17 publications

The Model of The Principled Advocate and The Pathological Partisan: A Virtue Ethics Construct of Opposing Archetypes of Public Relations and Advertising Practitioners

The Model of The Principled Advocate and The Pathological Partisan: A Virtue Ethics Construct of Opposing Archetypes of Public Relations and Advertising Practitioners

A knowledge management approach to understanding ethical knowledge in public relations

Moral development in public relations: Measuring duty to society in strategic communication

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