“…The evolutionary ethic that enabled humankind to survive for a long time and still guides other primates 2 was axiomatically aimed at preventing and reducing the sufferings of the social members, because their pains, as expressions of diseases and impairments, constituted a threat to the fitness and survival of the ancestral groups, 3 which consisted of a few tens of members 4 . Therefore, metaphorically, evolution has taught humankind that ethical actions are those aimed at reducing social sufferings, thereby favouring the survival of the group, and that unethical actions are those that consciously cause social pains or hamper their reduction, thereby potentially hastening the extinction of the community 2−4 …”