Ethanol organosolv lignin-based rigid polyurethane foam reinforced with cellulose nanowhiskers

Li, Yang; Ragauskas, Arthur J.

doi:10.1039/c2ra00646d

Cited by 116 publications

(82 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…Comparing these results with what has been found in literature, Mosiewicki et al (Mosiewicki, Rojek, Michałowski, Aranguren & Prociak, 2015) found that the addition of nanometric cellulose (up to 3 wt. %) did not significantly modify the apparent density, while Li et al (Li & Ragauskas, 2012;Li, Ren & Ragauskas, 2010 found that the addition of nanometric cellulose (up to 5 wt. %) did not have a monotonous increase, instead, it decreased up to a CNC concentration of 0.75 wt.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

The role of nanocrystalline cellulose on the microstructure of foamed castor-oil polyurethane nanocomposites

Cordero

Amalvy

Fortunati

et al. 2015

Carbohydrate Polymers

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

The role of nanocrystalline cellulose on the microstructure of foamed castor-oil polyurethane nanocomposites

Cordero

Amalvy

Fortunati

et al. 2015

Carbohydrate Polymers

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“…Other researchers also observed an increase in compressive strength and compressive modulus by the introduction of less than 10% of lignin into foams [11,18]. However, lignin was not reinforcement filler in the foam in the report of Xue et al [30], who argued that lignin was not completely miscible with the polyol, and the uneven mixture of lignin and polyol resulted in irregular cellular structure and thus weakened the mechanical properties.…”

Section: Apparent Density and Mechanical Propertiesmentioning

confidence: 93%

“…The liquefied lignin was applied for the substitution of petro derived ployol to prepare flexible polyurethane foams [16]. Organosolv and Kraft lignin were used as hydroxyl sources to replace polyols for the production of PU foams [17,18]. Meanwhile, some chemical strategies such as oxypropylation [19], urethane modification [20], and liquefaction [21] were also used to modify lignin macromolecules, and the modified lignin was incorporated into the polyurethane matrix for production of high biocontent materials.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of Biobased Polyurethane Foams Employing Lignin Fractionated from Microwave Liquefied Switchgrass

Huang

Hoop

Xie

et al. 2017

International Journal of Polymer Science

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Lignin samples fractionated from microwave liquefied switchgrass were applied in the preparation of semirigid polyurethane (PU) foams without purification. The objective of this study was to elucidate the influence of lignin in the PU matrix on the morphological, chemical, mechanical, and thermal properties of the PU foams. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images revealed that lignin with 5 and 10% content in the PU foams did not influence the cell shape and size. The foam cell size became larger by increasing the lignin content to 15%. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) indicated that chemical interactions occurred between the lignin hydroxyl and isocyanate revealing that lignin was well dispersed in the matrix materials. The apparent density of the foam with 10% lignin increased by 14.2% compared to the control, while the foam with 15% lignin had a decreased apparent density. The effect of lignin content on the mechanical properties was similar to that on apparent density. The lignin containing foams were much more thermally stable than the control foam as evidenced by having higher initial decomposition temperature and maximum decomposition rate temperature from the thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) profiles.

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“…As a follow-up, recently, liquid polyol from oxypropylated pine kraft lignin was used to prepare rigid polyurethane foam [13]. The same group also investigated the reinforcement of rigid polyurethane foam from oxypropylated ethanol organosolv lignin with cellulose nanowhiskers [14]. …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of replacing polyol by organosolv and kraft lignin on the property and structure of rigid polyurethane foam

Pan

Saddler

2013

Biotechnol Biofuels

192

139

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BackgroundLignin is one of the three major components in plant cell walls, and it can be isolated (dissolved) from the cell wall in pretreatment or chemical pulping. However, there is a lack of high-value applications for lignin, and the commonest proposal for lignin is power and steam generation through combustion. Organosolv ethanol process is one of the effective pretreatment methods for woody biomass for cellulosic ethanol production, and kraft process is a dominant chemical pulping method in paper industry. In the present research, the lignins from organosolv pretreatment and kraft pulping were evaluated to replace polyol for producing rigid polyurethane foams (RPFs).ResultsPetroleum-based polyol was replaced with hardwood ethanol organosolv lignin (HEL) or hardwood kraft lignin (HKL) from 25% to 70% (molar percentage) in preparing rigid polyurethane foam. The prepared foams contained 12-36% (w/w) HEL or 9-28% (w/w) HKL. The density, compressive strength, and cellular structure of the prepared foams were investigated and compared. Chain extenders were used to improve the properties of the RPFs.ConclusionsIt was found that lignin was chemically crosslinked not just physically trapped in the rigid polyurethane foams. The lignin-containing foams had comparable structure and strength up to 25-30% (w/w) HEL or 19-23% (w/w) HKL addition. The results indicated that HEL performed much better in RPFs and could replace more polyol at the same strength than HKL because the former had a better miscibility with the polyol than the latter. Chain extender such as butanediol could improve the strength of lignin-containing RPFs.

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Ethanol organosolv lignin-based rigid polyurethane foam reinforced with cellulose nanowhiskers

Cited by 116 publications

References 34 publications

The role of nanocrystalline cellulose on the microstructure of foamed castor-oil polyurethane nanocomposites

The role of nanocrystalline cellulose on the microstructure of foamed castor-oil polyurethane nanocomposites

Characterization of Biobased Polyurethane Foams Employing Lignin Fractionated from Microwave Liquefied Switchgrass

Effect of replacing polyol by organosolv and kraft lignin on the property and structure of rigid polyurethane foam

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