Ethanol extract of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi prevents oxidative damage and neuroinflammation and memorial impairments in artificial senescense mice

Abstract

Aging is a progressive process related to the accumulation of oxidative damage and neuroinflammation. We tried to find the anti-amnesic effect of the Scutellaria baicalens Georgia (SBG) ethanol extract and its major ingredients. The antioxidative effect of SBG on the mice model with memory impairment induced by chronic injection of D-galactose and sodium nitrate was studied. The Y-maze test was used to evaluate the learning and memory function of mice. The activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase and the content of malondialdehyde in brain tissue were used for the antioxidation activities. Neuropathological alteration and expression of bcl-2 protein were investigated in the hippocampus by immunohistochemical staining. ROS, neuroinflammation and apoptosis related molecules expression such as Cox-2, iNOS, procaspase-3, cleaved caspase-3, 8 and 9, bcl-2 and bax protein and the products of iNOS and Cox-2, NO, PGE2, were studied using LPS-activated Raw 264.7 cells and microglia BV2 cells. The cognition of mice was significantly improved by the treatment of baicalein and 50 and 100 mg/kg of SBG in Y-maze test. Both SBG groups showed strong antioxidation, antiinflammation effects with significantly decreased iNOS and Cox-2 expression, NO and PGE2 production, increased bcl-2 and decreased bax and cleaved caspase-3 protein expression in LPS induced Raw 264.7 and BV2 cells. We also found that apoptotic pathway was caused by the intrinsic mitochondrial pathway with the decreased cleaved caspase-9 and unchanged cleaved caspase-8 expression. These findings suggest that SBG, especially high dose, 100 mg/kg, improved the memory impairments significantly and showed antioxidation, antiinflammation and intrinsic caspase-mediated apoptosis effects.

Caffeine prevents d-galactose-induced cognitive deficits, oxidative stress, neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration in the adult rat brain

“…During chronic inflammation in the AD brain, a number of neurotoxic products and proinflammatory cytokines such as COX-2, NOS-2, IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α are released (Bruunsgaard et al, 1999;Gemma et al, 2010). It has been reported that oxidative stress and neuroinflammtion-induced memory impairment in the D-galactose aging mouse model (Jeong K. et al, 2011. Moreover in other model of neuroinflammation like LPS-induced neuroinflaamation memory impairment has been observed (Joshi et al, 2014).…”

Neuroprotective effects of Tualang honey against oxidative stress and memory decline in young and aged rats exposed to noise stress

“…The central nervous system is particularly susceptible to oxidative stress because of its high oxygen consumption and relative insufficiency in both reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging enzymes and endogenous antioxidants compared with other organs [19][20][21]. Numerous studies have indeed reported increases in protein oxidation and lipid peroxidation in various regions of aged mammalian brains [22][23][24].…”

Herbs to curb cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase and their potential role in Alzheimer’s disease

“…Alpinia galanga attenuates imbalanced antioxidant enzymes levels in cholinergic neurons in A␤ (25)(26)(27)(28)(29)(30)(31)(32)(33)(34)(35) induced amnesia of Alzheimer's type in mice (Hanish Singh et al, 2011). Ethanolic extract of Scutellaria baicalensis prevented D-galactose and sodium nitrate induced cognitive impairment and oxidative stress in mice (Jeong et al, 2011). Scutellaria baicalensis treatment mice suppressed the activity of proinflammatory cytokine and the astrocyte inflammatory marker Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and reduced oxidative damage and plaque burdens in D-galactose and sodium nitrate induced cognitive impairment (Jeong et al, 2011).…”

“…Ethanolic extract of Scutellaria baicalensis prevented D-galactose and sodium nitrate induced cognitive impairment and oxidative stress in mice (Jeong et al, 2011). Scutellaria baicalensis treatment mice suppressed the activity of proinflammatory cytokine and the astrocyte inflammatory marker Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and reduced oxidative damage and plaque burdens in D-galactose and sodium nitrate induced cognitive impairment (Jeong et al, 2011). Forsythiaside a bio-active compound of Forsythia suspensashows strong and antioxidant effects, anti-inflammatory effect and memory impairment in SAMP 8 aged mice (Wang et al, 2007).…”