Ethanol as a lead replacement: phasing out leaded gasoline in Africa

Thomas, Valerie M.; Kwong, A.

doi:10.1016/s0301-4215(01)00041-6

Cited by 85 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…The major environmental sources of metallic lead are paints, auto-exhausts and contaminated water and food [6]. The use of gasoline containing lead as additives, as the cheapest sources of octane, is known to be one of the major sources of lead in the environment [7]. Adverse occupational hazard, however, is prevalent to the workers that are most frequently exposed to the lead that are released from several manufacturing and processing industries including the lead smelter and refineries, battery, painting, ceramic and printing workshops.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lead accumulation in the roadside soils from heavy density motor way towns of eastern Ethiopia

Teju¹,

Megersa²,

Chandravanshi³

et al. 2014

Bull. Chem. Soc. Eth.

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ABSTRACT. The levels of lead pollution in the roadside soils of the heavy density motor ways of Eastern Ethiopia, in particular; Modjo, Bishoftu and Adama towns were studied. Soil samples were collected from a total of 22 sampling sites while the control samples were obtained from places about 1 km away from the main roads of each town. Concentrations of lead, in soil samples, were determined using flame atomic absorption spectrometer and the average concentrations of lead were found to be 93.3 ± 1.0, 79.4 ± 0.6 and 80.6 ± 0.4 µg/g for Modjo, Bishoftu and Adama towns, respectively. The concentrations of lead in soils sampled 1 km away from the main road for each town were: 13.5 ± 0.3, 19.6 ± 0.7 and 20.8 ± 0.8 µg/g for Modjo, Bishoftu and Adama towns, respectively. The contamination factors for the average lead concentrations of Modjo, Bishoftu and Adama towns were 6.9, 4.0 and 3.8, respectively. Besides, the correlations between the lead level and the traffic density of the corresponding roads were found to be r (4) = 0.82, p < 0.05 for Modjo, r (5) = 0.32, p < 0.05 for Bishoftu and r (9) = 0.81, p < 0.05 for Adama.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lead accumulation in the roadside soils from heavy density motor way towns of eastern Ethiopia

Teju¹,

Megersa²,

Chandravanshi³

et al. 2014

Bull. Chem. Soc. Eth.

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“…The mixture is famously known as gasohol, the example is Gasohol E10 (mixture 10% dry bioethanol and 90% premium). Because of having high octane value, the use gasohol can decrease, even substitute the use of TEL (tetra-ethyl lead) as a component to generate octane premium number which has rate 0.3-0.84 g/L premium (Thomas-Kwong, 2001) that pollutes the environment. Environment pollution can be decreased by using gasohol as the fuel because alcohol does not contain sulfur.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Study of Gasohol as Alternative Fuel for Gasoline Substitution: Characteristics and Performances

Murachman

Pranantyo

Putra

2014

Int. J. Renew. Energy Dev.

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ABSTRACT:Gasohol is a mixture of premium petrol (gasoline) with alcohol, in this case ethanol. The use of gasohol can reduce fuel consumption without having to modify the existing engine. Therefore, this research is conducted to study the characteristics and performance of gasohol in various mixing ratios, which includes analysis of physical properties and the use of gasohol in the machine. Results show that the addition of technical ethanol at 7.0169%v increases the value of gasohol vapor pressure on the value of 8.6682 psi (7.7 psi for regular gasoline). Gasohol with technical ethanol content above 30%v decreases vapor pressure, promotes phase separation, and causes a sharp drop in temperature from 40%v distillation. In term of corrosivity, gasohol with up to 50%v ethanol content has the same corrosion level with regular gasoline, which is corrosion level 1A. Based on gasohol characteristics test, it is known that gasohol with technical ethanol content below 20%v can be used as a fuel substitute for gasoline. Real-time performance test of gasohol in engines has shown that the addition of ethanol content in gasohol tend to increase the engine power at a certain compression ratio, but it also increases fuel consumption because the heat value of ethanol is lower than gasoline. Machine in gasohol with ethanol content below 20%v can operate smoothly without having to modify the engine. Based on the studies that have been done, gasohol in the range of 10%v ethanol content is well-functioned as a substitute for gasoline fuel and meets fuel specifications required by the General Director of Oil and Gas. The feasibility of using gasohol as an alternative fuel can be studied further.

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“…The South African industrial biofuel strategy aims to achieve a penetration level of 2% of biofuels (400 million litres per annum) in the national energy supply by 2013 (Thomas and Kwong, 2009). The crops targeted for the production of biofuels include canola, soybeans and sunflower for biodiesel and, sugar beet and sugarcane for bio ethanol (Thomas and Kwong, 2009). The Government of Ghana has set a target of substituting 20% of the national gas and oil consumption with biodiesel by 2015, and 30% of the national kerosene consumption with Jatropha oil by 2015.…”

Section: Literature Review Africa Bio-fuel Developmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In the case of Mozambique, the national energy policy is not yet finalised but the country has already adopted preliminary regulations to foster the large-scale production of biofuels. The policy proposes the gradual introduction of blending of petrol (gasoline) with ethanol and biodiesel with fossil diesel, initially, at 5 to 10% (Thomas and Kwong, 2009).…”

Section: Literature Review Africa Bio-fuel Developmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bio fuel production and its implication on food security: Case study from Zambia

Teweldemedhin¹,

Mwewa²

2014

Afr. J. Agric. Res.

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The objective of this paper is to present a comprehensive review of the status quo of bio-fuels developments and the policy regimes including support measures driving the social, environmental and economic impacts of bio-fuels development. As it has been promoted by national policies markers, there is still no common consciences on its implication in achieving food security. The case study was based on a Meta evaluation carried out in Zambia; the key findings indicated that there is possible diversion of labour, land, extension service to bio-fuel and competition of input use might lead to reduction of food production and high food prices if the biofuel market proves lucrative. However the price of bio-fuel feedstock from Jatropha in Zambia was not attractive enough to encourage farmers to grow more Jatropha and this has raised major concerns by both farmers and policy makers.

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Ethanol as a lead replacement: phasing out leaded gasoline in Africa

Cited by 85 publications

References 9 publications

Lead accumulation in the roadside soils from heavy density motor way towns of eastern Ethiopia

Lead accumulation in the roadside soils from heavy density motor way towns of eastern Ethiopia

Study of Gasohol as Alternative Fuel for Gasoline Substitution: Characteristics and Performances

Bio fuel production and its implication on food security: Case study from Zambia

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