Etched and Nanocoated Single-Mode Multimode Single-Mode (SMS) Fibers for Detection of Wind Turbine Gearbox Oil Degradation

Villar, Ignacio Del; Goñi, Jaime; Vicente, Adrián; Arregui, Francisco J.; Matı́as, Ignacio R.

doi:10.1109/jlt.2019.2915966

Cited by 10 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…Multiple NCFs can also be cascaded for multi-point RI measurement [63] and for use with high RI liquids using a leaky mode approach [64]. SNCS fiber structures have also been used as sensors to distinguish fresh and degraded turbine gearbox lubricant oil [65] and to detect the presence of the refrigerant LiBr-H2O [66].…”

Section: A Sncs Fiber Structurementioning

confidence: 99%

Singlemode-Multimode-Singlemode Fiber Structures for Sensing Applications—A Review

Liu

et al. 2021

IEEE Sensors J.

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A singlemode-multimode-singlemode (SMS) fiber structure consists of a short section of multimode fiber fusionspliced between two SMS fibers. The mechanism underpinning the operation of an SMS fiber structure is multimode interference and associated self-imaging. SMS structures can be used in a variety of optical fiber systems but are most commonly used as sensors for a variety of parameters, ranging from macro-world measurands such as temperature, strain, vibration, flow rate, RI and humidity to the micro-world with measurands such as proteins, pathogens, DNA, and specific molecules. While traditional SMS structures employ a short section of standard multimode fiber, a large number of structures have been investigated and demonstrated over the last decade involving the replacement of the multimode fiber section with alternatives such as a hollow core fiber or a tapered fiber. The objective of replacing the multimode fiber has most often been to allow sensing of different measurands or to improve sensitivity. In this paper, several different categories of SMS fiber structures, including traditional SMS, modified SMS and tapered SMS fiber structures are discussed with some theoretical underpinning and reviews of a wide variety of sensing examples and recent advances. The paper then summarizes and compares the performances of a variety of sensors which have been published under a number of headings. The paper concludes by considering the challenges faced by SMS based sensing schemes in terms of their deployment in real world applications and discusses possible future developments of SMS fiber sensors.

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Section: A Sncs Fiber Structurementioning

confidence: 99%

Singlemode-Multimode-Singlemode Fiber Structures for Sensing Applications—A Review

Liu

et al. 2021

IEEE Sensors J.

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“…The most common optical fiber sensing structures include grating-based structures like Long-Period fiber gratings (LPFG), Fiber Bragg gratings (FBG), tilted FBG (TFBG), and cladding removal-based structures such as fiber tapers made through etching or heat-induced pulling/stretching methods [1][2][3][4]. Another important group of modified optical fiber structures is based on spliced sections of multimode optical fibers (MMF) between single-mode fibers (SMF), creating a structure with multimodal interference fringes, such structure is usually referred as singlemode-multimode-singlemode (SMS) type configuration [5,6]. However, these structures have their particularities: grating-based structures extract only core-guided light at specific wavelengths that satisfy phase-matching conditions, taper structures are fragile, and SMS structures are sensitive to curvature and create an interferometric-like spectra, making referencing difficult.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tuning bimetallic Au@Ag nanorods localized surface plasmon resonance on side-polished optical fiber sensing configurations at near-infrared wavelengths

Santos

Mendes

Almeida

et al. 2023

Optical Sensors 2023

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The increasing demand for precise chemical and biological sensing has led to the development of highly efficient plasmonic optical fiber sensors. Therefore, it is essential to optimize and match the operating wavelength region of both the optical fiber configuration and localized surface plasmon resonance of nanoparticles (NPs). This can be achieved by developing NPs that can reach resonance at near-infrared wavelengths, where refractive index sensitivity is enhanced, and silica optical fibers have lower losses. High aspect-ratio bimetallic Au@Ag nanorods and different side-polished fiber structures are tested using numerical simulations. The selected optical fiber configuration was based on a sidepolished fiber with a 1 mm polished section. It is compared power losses and power at the NP interface for two configurations: a step-index single-mode fiber (SMF) with core/cladding diameters of 8.2/125 µm and a multimode graded-index fiber (GIF) with 62.5/125 µm at various polishing depths. The results showed that the best performance for both configurations was achieved at similar polishing depths, namely 59.5 and 55.2 µm for the SMF and GIF, respectively. The optical impact of retardation effects due to the proximity with the fiber structure were also observed, which caused a reduction in sensitivity from 1750 nm/RIU to 1500 nm/RIU and a red-shift of around 70 nm.

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“…However, unlike etched FBG and LPG fiber optic sensors that require accurate processes to fabricate the fiber grating and have relatively low sensitivity [26][27][28], the SMS fiber optic sensor has its unique advantages, such as easy to fabricate, low cost and high sensitivity [25]. Therefore, it has been widely used for humidity [29], temperature [30], strain [31,32], vibration [33], displacement [34], refractive index [35][36][37], magnetic field [38], gas [39], oil degradation [40], biological and medical sensing purposes [41].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of single-mode multimode single-mode fiber optic sensors for steel rebar corrosion monitoring in NaCl and simulated concrete pore solutions

Tang¹,

Qin²,

Verstrynge³

et al. 2023

Meas. Sci. Technol.

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Single-mode multimode single-mode (SMS) fiber optic sensors are characterized for corrosion monitoring of steel rebars in NaCl and simulated concrete pore solutions. Three diameters of the multimode fiber (MMF) are considered including 125 µm, 90 µm, and 60 µm. Steel rebar specimens were first cast in epoxy resin and then polished to expose a rectangular section. The SMS fiber optic sensors are directly attached on the polished surface of the steel rebar and then immersed in solutions for corrosion monitoring. Two types of solution are prepared, including 3.5 wt.% NaCl solution and simulated concrete pore solutions. During the immersion tests, the corrosion evolution of the steel rebar was measured with open circuit potential and linear polarization resistance. The change of the transmission spectrum of the SMS fiber optic sensors is recorded with an optical spectra analyzer. The change of the characteristic wavelength is correlated with the corrosion-induced mass loss of the steel rebars. Results show that linear relationships are present between the corrosion-induced mass loss of the steel rebars and the shift of the characteristic wavelength of the SMS fiber optic sensors. The corrosion monitoring sensitivity of SMS fiber optic sensors increases with a decrease of the diameter of the MMF.

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Etched and Nanocoated Single-Mode Multimode Single-Mode (SMS) Fibers for Detection of Wind Turbine Gearbox Oil Degradation

Cited by 10 publications

References 30 publications

Singlemode-Multimode-Singlemode Fiber Structures for Sensing Applications—A Review

Singlemode-Multimode-Singlemode Fiber Structures for Sensing Applications—A Review

Tuning bimetallic Au@Ag nanorods localized surface plasmon resonance on side-polished optical fiber sensing configurations at near-infrared wavelengths

Characterization of single-mode multimode single-mode fiber optic sensors for steel rebar corrosion monitoring in NaCl and simulated concrete pore solutions

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