Arylation (with NaBPh4 in acetone) of the cyclobutadienepalladium complex, [PdC12(C4T04)]2 (To = p-tolyl), gives the 1 -3-~-cyclobutenyl complex [Pd(C4To4Ph)CI] 2 with the phenyl group entering stereospecifically endo to the metal. Ring opening occurs on reaction of the monomeric [Pd(C4To4Ph)X] (X = acac, S2CNR2) with ligands (in particular, PPhMe2) to give the u-butadienyl complexes [Pd(C4To4Ph)X(PPhMez)], where the 1-3-~-cyclobutenyl ligand has opened stereospecifically in the expected conrotatory manner. In contrast, the cyclobutenyl dithiocarbamates [Pd(C4To4Ph)(SzCNRz)] (17) undergo a spontaneous ring opening (2 days/20 O C or 2 h/60 "C) to give a mixture of the expected conrotatory ringopened u,r-butadienyl [Pd(C4To4Ph)(SzCNR2)] [20, p-tolyls E on C(3), C(4)] and the unexpected, formally disrotatory, isomer [2l,p-tolyls 2 on C(3), C(4)] in a ca. 40:60 ratio, as shown by an x-ray structure determination, HPLC, and NMR spectroscopy. Investigations to elicit the route by which the isomer 21 is formed are described. The reaction 17 -. 20 + 21 is unimolecular and does not appear to involve ionic intermediates or to be photochemically initiated. Free cyclobutenyl radicals are easily formed from these complexes and a convenient way is by reaction of cyclobutenyl complexes with PhzPCH2PPh2 (dppm); this also leads to the Pd(1) complex [PdzC12(dpprn)2]. Evidence is presented against free radicals participating in the ring opening, and in favor of their being intermediates in decomposition side reactions. The reaction does not appear to proceed by a radical chain mechanism either. A mechanism is proposed which involves the conrotatory ring opening of 17 to give the expected isomer (20) which then equilibrates with the unexpected isomer (21) via a metallocyclopentenyl intermediate in which C(3) can flip from one side to the other.Over the past few years considerable interest has developed in ring-opening and closing reactions in organometallic systems and the mechanisms by which they proceed. One of us has, in this context, shown that in the Pd(I1)-induced oligomerization of disubstituted acetylenes bearing bulky substituents the chief products are cyclobutadiene complexes (e.g., 3) which arise by a cyclization of intermediate u-butadienyl complexes (e.g., l);1,2 a presumed but so far unconfirmed further intermediate is a chlorocyclobutenyl complex (2). 1 \ 'PdCI 2t.BuCzCMe + PdCl,(PhCN), -t-Bu 1 t-Bu Me t-Bu 3 2 The opposite process, the opening of a cyclobutenyl complex, has been demonstrated by Powell et al. for the endo-alkoxytetraphenylcyclobutenylpalladium P-diketonate complex (4) to the a-butadienyl complex (5).3 This ring opening occurs p h y O E t 4 5 0002-7863/78/1500-4700$01 .OO/Ostereospecifically and in the conrotatory mode expected for a concerted thermally allowed reaction4 Powell et al. also noted that the exo-alkoxy isomer of 4 did not undergo ring opening, which they ascribed to a possible "steric inhibition between phenyl groups in the transition state of a conrotatory ring opening" of the exo-alkoxy...