Abstract:RESUMO O Brasil ainda apresenta um baixo consumo de cimento (260 kg/hab./ano) quando comparado a media mundial (553 kg/hab./ano), aliado ao elevado déficit habitacional e de infraestrutura do país. A expectativa de crescimento populacional aponta para uma retomada do crescimento na produção em médio/longo prazo, aumentando entre 60% e 120%, em 2050 com relação a 2014 (nas variantes de baixa e alta demanda, respectivamente). No entanto, a indústria de cimento é adversamente afetada pela sustentabilidade, repres… Show more
“…The use of high-volume calcined clay as a partial replacement of cement in concrete is being studied. The main concern in this regard is whether cement can be replaced by calcined clay above the limiting quantity of 15-20% by mass in the concrete [15][16][17][18][19][20][21]. Indeed, this percentage is beneficial in optimizing the low cost, but it may not improve the durability to any considerable extent.…”
Calcined clay has become the supplementary cementitious materials with the greatest potential to reduce the clinker/cement. In this research, the mechanical strengths and sulphate resistance of blended cements with a high content of calcined clay as a pozzolanic addition were evaluated to demonstrate that these cements could be designed as CEM (cement) type IV/A-SR and IV/B-SR cements by the current European standard UNE-EN 197-1: 2011. The blended cements were prepared by two Portland cements (P1 and PY6) with different mineralogical compositions and a calcined clay. The level of replacement was greater than 40% by weight. The results obtained confirm the decrease in the mechanical strengths and the increase in the sulfate resistance of the two Portland cements when they are replaced by calcined clay at a level of replacement greater than 40%. These results are a consequence of the chemical effect from the pozzolanic activity of the calcined clay. Therefore, there is an important decrease in portlandite levels of paste liquid phase that causes the increase in sulfate resistance and the decrease of the mechanical strengths.
“…The use of high-volume calcined clay as a partial replacement of cement in concrete is being studied. The main concern in this regard is whether cement can be replaced by calcined clay above the limiting quantity of 15-20% by mass in the concrete [15][16][17][18][19][20][21]. Indeed, this percentage is beneficial in optimizing the low cost, but it may not improve the durability to any considerable extent.…”
Calcined clay has become the supplementary cementitious materials with the greatest potential to reduce the clinker/cement. In this research, the mechanical strengths and sulphate resistance of blended cements with a high content of calcined clay as a pozzolanic addition were evaluated to demonstrate that these cements could be designed as CEM (cement) type IV/A-SR and IV/B-SR cements by the current European standard UNE-EN 197-1: 2011. The blended cements were prepared by two Portland cements (P1 and PY6) with different mineralogical compositions and a calcined clay. The level of replacement was greater than 40% by weight. The results obtained confirm the decrease in the mechanical strengths and the increase in the sulfate resistance of the two Portland cements when they are replaced by calcined clay at a level of replacement greater than 40%. These results are a consequence of the chemical effect from the pozzolanic activity of the calcined clay. Therefore, there is an important decrease in portlandite levels of paste liquid phase that causes the increase in sulfate resistance and the decrease of the mechanical strengths.
Mediante a necessidade de buscar fontes energéticas que geram menos gases de efeito estufa e que tragam, consequentemente, um impacto menor ao meio ambiente, surgem diversas estratégias de transição energética. Nesse contexto, o presente artigo visou responder: quais são as estratégias de transição energética? Sendo assim, tem-se como objetivo apresentar algumas estratégias em andamento para o processo de transição energética, abordando o tema sobre três aspectos principais, sendo eles: a eficiência energética; a energia renovável; e a captura e sequestro de carbono. Para isso, a metodologia utilizada foi a pesquisa bibliográfica seguida da análise crítica da literatura encontrada. Como resultados, notou-se que as estratégias apresentadas permitem a redução das emissões de gases do efeito estufa, como o dióxido de carbono, que vem afetando o clima do planeta. Por fim, conclui-se que as estratégias apresentadas na categoria de eficiência energética foram: os programas de etiquetagem; utilização de material reciclado; automação e utilização de inteligência artificial; e gerenciamento das emissões de metano. Na categoria de energia renovável, apontou-se como estratégias: o etanol; o biodiesel; o biometano; o biogás; o gás natural; o hidrogênio; a energia solar, eólica, hidroelétrica, geotérmica; e a armazenagem de energia. Ao final, apresentou-se a estratégia de captura, utilização e armazenamento de carbono. Vale destacar, também, que esta é uma área muito vasta em oportunidades para pesquisas e inovações, estando em pleno desenvolvimento e demandando muitos outros trabalhos que tratem da eficiência energética, captura de carbono e energias renováveis.
Due to the need to search for energy sources that generate less greenhouse gases and, consequently, have a lower impact on the environment, several energy transition strategies emerge. In this context, this article aims to answer: what are the energy transition strategies? Therefore, the objective is to present some strategies in progress for the energy transition process, approaching the subject on three main aspects, namely: energy efficiency; renewable energy; and carbon capture and sequestration. For this, the methodology used was the bibliographic research followed by the critical analysis of the literature found. As a result, it was noted that the strategies presented allow the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions, such as carbon dioxide, which has been affecting the planet’s climate. Finally, it is concluded that the strategies presented in the energy efficiency category were: labeling programs; use of recycled material; automation and use of artificial intelligence; and management of methane emissions. In the renewable energy category, the following strategies were identified: ethanol; biodiesel; biomethane; the biogas; natural gas; the hydrogen; solar, wind, hydroelectric, geothermal energy; and energy storage. At the end, the strategy for capturing, using and storing carbon was presented. It is also worth mentioning that this is a very vast area of opportunities for research and innovation, being in full development and demanding many other works that deal with energy efficiency, carbon capture and renewable energies.
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