Estrous length, pregnancy rate, gestation and parturition lengths, litter size, and juvenile mortality in the domestic cat

Root, Matthew; Johnston, Shirley D.; Olson, P N

doi:10.5326/15473317-31-5-429

Cited by 75 publications

(60 citation statements)

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“…Each year inestimable numbers of kittens are abandoned, orphaned, or relinquished shortly after birth to be fostered by 4,000 to 6,000 U.S. animal shelters (Humane Society of the United States report, www.humanesociety.org). While the exact statistics are unknown, ϳ15% of kittens fostered by these shelters die or are euthanized because of illness before they reach 8 weeks of age (2)(3)(4)(5)(6)). An obvious cause of illness is unknown in as many as 20% of these kittens (3); however, the majority of them are reported to have clinical signs of diarrhea (3,7) or postmortem evidence of enteritis at the time of death (8).…”

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Mortality in Kittens Is Associated with a Shift in Ileum Mucosa-Associated Enterococci from Enterococcus hirae to Biofilm-Forming Enterococcus faecalis and Adherent Escherichia coli

et al. 2013

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e Approximately 15% of foster kittens die before 8 weeks of age, with most of these kittens demonstrating clinical signs or postmortem evidence of enteritis. While a specific cause of enteritis is not determined in most cases, these kittens are often empirically administered probiotics that contain enterococci. The enterococci are members of the commensal intestinal microbiota but also can function as opportunistic pathogens. Given the complicated role of enterococci in health and disease, it would be valuable to better understand what constitutes a "healthy" enterococcal community in these kittens and how this microbiota is impacted by severe illness. In this study, we characterized the ileum mucosa-associated enterococcal community of 50 apparently healthy and 50 terminally ill foster kittens. In healthy kittens, Enterococcus hirae was the most common species of ileum mucosa-associated enterococci and was often observed to adhere extensively to the small intestinal epithelium. These E. hirae isolates generally lacked virulence traits. In contrast, non-E. hirae enterococci, notably Enterococcus faecalis, were more commonly isolated from the ileum mucosa of kittens with terminal illness. Isolates of E. faecalis had numerous virulence traits and multiple antimicrobial resistances. Moreover, the attachment of Escherichia coli to the intestinal epithelium was significantly associated with terminal illness and was not observed in any kitten with adherent E. hirae. These findings identify a significant difference in the species of enterococci cultured from the ileum mucosa of kittens with terminal illness compared to the species cultured from healthy kittens. In contrast to prior case studies that associated enteroadherent E. hirae with diarrhea in young animals, these controlled studies identified E. hirae as more often isolated from healthy kittens and adherence of E. hirae as more common and extensive in healthy kittens than in sick kittens.

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Mortality in Kittens Is Associated with a Shift in Ileum Mucosa-Associated Enterococci from Enterococcus hirae to Biofilm-Forming Enterococcus faecalis and Adherent Escherichia coli

et al. 2013

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“…As fêmeas dependem de um fotoperíodo positivo e de estimulação mecânica dos receptores sensoriais da pele da região perineal, da vulva, vagina e cérvix durante o coito para que ocorra a ovulação (2) . Quando há ovulação sem fertilização, segue-se um estado prolongado de atividade luteal denominado pseudogestação, que tem duração de aproximadamente 45 (35-76) dias nesta espécie (1,3) , cerca de 70% do período normal de gestação. Os primeiros sinais detectáveis de regressão luteal em felinos acontecem a partir do 28º dia.…”

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“…No entanto, é possível que a função luteotrófica da prolactina garanta o aspecto morfológico do corpo lúteo de fêmeas lactantes semelhante ao aspecto da segunda semana de gestação (4) . Quando não há ovulação durante o estro, os folículos regridem e o animal mostra um curto período de repouso sexual, o interestro (9±7,6 dias) (1,3,5) sendo um grande desafio para o controle populacional dessa espécie.…”

Section: Introductionunclassified

Indução De Ovulação Com Swab Vaginal Em Gatas Domésticas E Seus Efeitos Sobre a Morfologia Uterina

Silva

et al. 2017

Ciênc. anim. bras.

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ResumoA ovulação em gatas é induzida por um reflexo neuroendócrino atribuído à estimulação mecânica dos receptores sensoriais durante o coito. Esta estimulação pode ser simulada com auxílio do swab vaginal, desencadeando a pseudogestação. Objetivou-se verificar a eficiência da indução de ovulação com swab, a fim de estabelecer um tratamento contraceptivo natural para felinos domésticos, bem como os efeitos sobre o útero do uso repetido dessa técnica. Na primeira fase do trabalho, foram avaliados 12 animais em três ciclos estrais consecutivos. No primeiro ciclo (T1), houve estimulação vaginal com swab. No segundo ciclo (T2), foi utilizado macho vasectomizado para cópula. No último ciclo (T3), a ovulação foi acompanhada sem estímulo (controle). Na segunda etapa do trabalho, 13 gatas foram submetidas a sucessivos estados de pseudogestação com intuito de verificar os efeitos da estimulação mecânica sobre o útero. A confirmação da ovulação em todas as etapas do trabalho foi realizada por meio da mensuração dos níveis de progesterona. A estimulação vaginal com swab apresentou resposta similar à obtida por monta natural (P>0,05). Algumas gatas apresentaram modificações uterinas discretas; no entanto, nenhum desses achados foi considerado de relevância patológica. Desta forma, a indução de ovulação com swab mostrou-se segura e sem efeitos colaterais expressivos. Palavras-chave: contraceptivo; estro; felinos; ovulação. AbstractA neuroendocrine reflex attributed to the mechanical stimulation of sensory receptors during copulation induces ovulation in cats. This stimulation can be simulated with a vaginal swab, triggering pseudopregnancy. The efficiency of ovulation induction with swab was evaluated in order to establish a natural contraceptive treatment for domestic cats as well as to analyze the effect on uterus of the repeated use of this technique. At the first phase of the study, 12 animals were evaluated in three consecutive estrous cycles. In the first cycle (T1), vaginal swab stimulation was applied. In

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“…No recurrent estrus occurs under 8-hr lighting in the cat room, whereas estrus recurs under 12-hr lighting [4,8,10,13,14]. Therefore, it is recommended that the lighting cycle should be 14 hr or more for cat breeding [10,12,14]. Nevertheless, no previous study has provided detailed data on the estrus status when cats are acclimated under a natural photoperiod.…”

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Breeding Season in Female Cats Acclimated Under a Natural Photoperiod and Interval Until Puberty

Tsutsui

Nakagawa

Hirano

et al. 2004

The Journal of Veterinary Medical Science

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ABSTRACT. The breeding season was investigated in 174 female cats that were acclimated under a natural photoperiod, and determined the interval between birth and initial estrus (puberty) was determined in 125 cats. Although the breeding season differed noticeably among individual animals, the mean was 180.4 ± 3.0 (SE) days between the end of January and the end of July. The interval between birth and first estrus ranged from 181 to 560 days, with a mean of 345.0 ± 0.9 days. With respect to month of birth, the mean interval was 343.0 ± 9.5 days in cats born between March and June. Among cats that were born between July and October, the mean intervals were 242.0 ± 6.3 days in cats that exhibited estrus the year after birth and 519.2 ± 5.8 days in those that exhibited estrus 2 years after birth. KEY WORDS: breeding season, feline, natural photoperiod.J. Vet. Med. Sci. 66(9): 1129-1132, 2004 The domestic cat is a seasonally polyestrous animal. The onset of puberty in female cats occurs at an average age of 8 to 10 months [5,11]. Ovulation and the initial release of LH are usually observed 24 to 30 hr after copulation [15]. It has been reported that the breeding season starts in December to February, and continues until September [2,6,13]. These factors may depend on the day length, that is, latitude [4].The mechanism by which the photoperiod influences the hypothalamus pituitary gland gonadal axis system via melatonin has been clarified in cats [8,9]. In cats, when the photoperiod is shortened, melatonin and PRL secretion are enhanced, reducing ovarian function [1,8,9]. Leyva et al. [9] reported that no recurrent estrus occurred after melatonin was administered to cats under 24-hr lighting. No recurrent estrus occurs under 8-hr lighting in the cat room, whereas estrus recurs under 12-hr lighting [4,8,10,13,14]. Therefore, it is recommended that the lighting cycle should be 14 hr or more for cat breeding [10,12,14]. Nevertheless, no previous study has provided detailed data on the estrus status when cats are acclimated under a natural photoperiod. In this study, we investigated the breeding season in female cats that were acclimated as a group at a constant room temperature under a natural photoperiod. We also investigated the interval required until first estrus (puberty) in female cats that were born under those conditions. Animals: We used 103 female cats ranging in age from 2 to 8 years that were acclimated via passage breeding in our laboratory between 1989 and 2002 (latitude: 35 degrees, 42 min N). In some cats, estrus was investigated for 2 to 6 years. A total of 174 cats were investigated. The cat room was located on the second floor, and measured 4.5 × 3.0 × 2.5 (height) m. The east, west, and south sides were transparent and glass-plated. The east and west glass windows measured 3.6 × 0.9 × 0.9 (height) m. The south glass window measured 1.8 × 0.9 × 0.9 (height) m. Room temperature was 23 ± 2°C. The cats were acclimated as a group. Dry food (Hill's feline maintenance, U.S.A.) and water were given ad libitum...

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Estrous length, pregnancy rate, gestation and parturition lengths, litter size, and juvenile mortality in the domestic cat

Cited by 75 publications

References 0 publications

Mortality in Kittens Is Associated with a Shift in Ileum Mucosa-Associated Enterococci from Enterococcus hirae to Biofilm-Forming Enterococcus faecalis and Adherent Escherichia coli

Mortality in Kittens Is Associated with a Shift in Ileum Mucosa-Associated Enterococci from Enterococcus hirae to Biofilm-Forming Enterococcus faecalis and Adherent Escherichia coli

Indução De Ovulação Com Swab Vaginal Em Gatas Domésticas E Seus Efeitos Sobre a Morfologia Uterina

Breeding Season in Female Cats Acclimated Under a Natural Photoperiod and Interval Until Puberty

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