Estrone and Estrone Sulfate Concentrations in Milk and Milk Fractions

Macrina, A.L.; Ott, Troy L.; Roberts, Robert; Kensinger, R.S.

doi:10.1016/j.jand.2012.02.005

Cited by 25 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 32 publications

(52 reference statements)

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“…Some authors have associated the concentration of this type of compounds with the fat content of milk [25,26]. Actually, the obtained results allow for visualization of this association in the case of the first sample, especially for pregnenolone.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…This approach was preferred in order to simplify the analysis and also because of the relatively high proportion of conjugated species of steroid hormones existing in milk [25,26,27]. The conjugated forms are not biologically active, but they can be transformed into their free active form in the human gut.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Other researchers have reported the levels of some naturally occurring hormones in different types of bovine milk (whole, skim, raw, from pregnant cows, etc. ), using different analytical methods (HPLC-MS/MS, immunoassays) [6,9,19,20,26,28,29,30,31]. So far, there has been limited research on the hormonal levels of infant formulas prepared using bovine milk [15,19] or on the hormone content of human milk [18,19,20].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Analysis of Naturally Occurring Steroid Hormones in Infant Formulas by HPLC-MS/MS and Contribution to Dietary Intake

Barreiro

Regal

Díaz-Bao

et al. 2015

Foods

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Milk is a natural fluid and as such contains small amounts of naturally occurring steroids. Human milk is recommended as the optimal source of nutrients for infants and young children, and it has been associated to several short- and long-term benefits. For this reason, its composition is used as a reference for designing infant formulas. However, the available information on the hormonal levels of these dairy products is scarce, and it is usually limited to estradiol and estrone. In the present study, six natural sex hormones (pregnenolone, progesterone, estrone, dehydroepiandrosterone, testosterone and androstenedione) have been extracted from sixteen milk-based infant formulas and analyzed with liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS). The purpose of this research was to quantify natural steroid hormones in various infant formulas, to provide food and nutrition practitioners with information to estimate intakes in children. In addition, data found in the literature was used for comparison. The findings suggest that there are certain similarities between bovine milk and dairy products for infants. Furthermore, the detected levels were in general lower than those observed in human milk and/or colostrum. The reported results represent a valuable addition to the current knowledge on natural hormone content of infant foods.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 97%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Analysis of Naturally Occurring Steroid Hormones in Infant Formulas by HPLC-MS/MS and Contribution to Dietary Intake

Barreiro

Regal

Díaz-Bao

et al. 2015

Foods

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show abstract

“…In the aforementioned study looking at raw milk across trimester or pregnancy, E1 concentrations were highest in late pregnancy, and the impact of milk processing was significant on residual free E1 [91]. Studies of total E1 reported levels ranging from 8.2 to 397.0 pg/mL in processed milk, and a peak value of 1,266 pg/mL in raw milk from a cow in its third trimester of pregnancy [87][88][89][90][91]. One study examined butter, cream, and half-and-half, reporting total E1 concentrations of 118.9 pg/g, 54.1 pg/g, and 20.4 pg/mL, respectively [92].…”

Section: Residue Determination Via Food Animal Feeding Studies and Rementioning

confidence: 96%

“…The focus of the majority of studies identified was on free/unconjugated hormone residues, as these are believed to be the most biologically active forms [86]. Concerns have been raised, however, that conjugated estrogens can be deconjugated in the gastrointestinal tract, resulting in the release of free forms of these compounds, which then may become available for absorption and subsequent binding to hormone receptors [87].…”

Section: Residue Determination Via Food Animal Feeding Studies and Rementioning

confidence: 99%

Hormone Use in Food Animal Production: Assessing Potential Dietary Exposures and Breast Cancer Risk

Nachman

Smith

2015

Curr Envir Health Rpt

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In recent years, increasing attention has been paid to the role of hormones in breast cancer etiology, following reports that heightened levels of endogenous hormones and exposure to exogenous hormones and other endocrinedisrupting chemicals through food and the environment are associated with increased breast cancer risk. Seven hormone drugs (testosterone propionate, trenbolone acetate, estradiol, zeranol, progesterone, melengestrol acetate, and bovine somatotropin) are approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for use in food animals. There is concern that these drugs or their biologically active metabolites may accumulate in edible tissues, potentially increasing the risk of exposure for consumers. To date, the potential for human exposure to residues of these compounds in animal products, as well as the risks that may result from this exposure, is poorly understood. In this paper, we discuss the existing scientific evidence examining the toxicological significance of exposure to hormones used in food animal production in relation to breast cancer risk. Through a discussion of U.S. federal regulatory programs and the primary literature, we interpret the state of surveillance for residues of hormone drugs in animal products and discuss trends in meat consumption in relation to the potential for hormone exposure. Given the lack of chronic bioassays of oral toxicity of the seven hormone compounds in the public literature and the limitations of existing residue surveillance programs, it is not currently possible to provide a quantitative characterization of risks that result from the use of hormonal drugs in food animal production, complicating our understanding of the role of dietary hormone exposure in the population burden of breast cancer.

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The relationship between fat and progesterone, estradiol, and chorionic gonadotropin levels in Quebec cow’s milk

Gilman¹,

Buckett²,

Son³

et al. 2017

J Assist Reprod Genet

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Estrone and Estrone Sulfate Concentrations in Milk and Milk Fractions

Cited by 25 publications

References 32 publications

Analysis of Naturally Occurring Steroid Hormones in Infant Formulas by HPLC-MS/MS and Contribution to Dietary Intake

Analysis of Naturally Occurring Steroid Hormones in Infant Formulas by HPLC-MS/MS and Contribution to Dietary Intake

Hormone Use in Food Animal Production: Assessing Potential Dietary Exposures and Breast Cancer Risk

The relationship between fat and progesterone, estradiol, and chorionic gonadotropin levels in Quebec cow’s milk

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