Estrogen Use and All-Cause Mortality

Tl, Bush; Ld, Cowan; Barrett-Connor, E.; Criqui, MH; Jm, Karon; Rb, Wallace; Ha, Tyroler; Bm, Rifkind

doi:10.1001/jama.1983.03330310033022

Cited by 212 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 16 publications

(2 reference statements)

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“…In support of this, postmenopausal women have increased risk of cardiovascular disease compared to premenopausal women (Colditz et al 1987; Hu et al 1999; Kannel et al 1976; van der Schouw et al 1996). A number of prospective studies conducted in the 1970’s through the 1990’s suggested that hormone treatment, typically with conjugated estrogens, improved risk of cardiovascular disease (Burch et al 1974; Bush et al 1983; Criqui et al 1988; Croft and Hannaford 1989; Grady et al 1992; Grodstein and Stampfer 1995; Hammond et al 1979; Henderson et al 1991; Hernandez Avila et al 1990; Petitti et al 1987; Stampfer et al 1985; Sullivan et al 1990; Wilson et al 1985; Wolf et al 1991). Prospective studies, while informative, are subject to various sources of bias.…”

Section: Hormone Treatment and The Risk Of Cardiovascular Disease In mentioning

confidence: 99%

Role of Estrogens in the Regulation of Liver Lipid Metabolism

Palmisano

Zhu

Stafford

2017

Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology

344

231

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Before menopause, women are protected from atherosclerotic heart disease associated with obesity relative to men. Sex hormones have been proposed as a mechanism that differentiates this risk. In this review, we discuss the literature around how the endogenous sex hormones and hormone treatment approaches after menopause regulate fatty acid, triglyceride and cholesterol metabolism to influence cardiovascular risk. The important regulatory functions of estrogen signaling pathways with regard to lipid metabolism have been in part obscured by clinical trials with hormone treatment of women after menopause, due to different formulations, routes of delivery, and pairings with progestins. Oral hormone treatment with several estrogen preparations increase VLDL triglyceride production. Progestins oppose this effect by stimulating VLDL clearance in both humans and animals. Transdermal estradiol preparations do not increase VLDL production or serum triglycerides. Many aspects of sex-differences in atherosclerotic heart disease risk are influenced by the distributed actions of estrogens in muscle, adipose and liver. In humans, 17β estradiol (E2) is the predominant circulating estrogen, and signals through Estrogen Receptor alpha (ERα), Estrogen Receptor beta (ER β) and G-protein coupled Estrogen Receptor (GPER). Over 1000 human liver genes display a sex-bias in their expression, and the top biological pathways are in lipid metabolism and genes related to cardiovascular disease. Many of these genes display variation depending on estrus cycling in the mouse. Future directions will likely rely on targeting estrogens to specific tissues, or specific aspects of the signaling pathways in order to recapitulate the protective physiology of pre-menopause therapeutically after menopause.

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Section: Hormone Treatment and The Risk Of Cardiovascular Disease In mentioning

confidence: 99%

Role of Estrogens in the Regulation of Liver Lipid Metabolism

Palmisano

Zhu

Stafford

2017

Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology

344

231

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“…Traditionally it was thought that estrogen replacement therapy (ERT) could be used to reduce the incidence of CVD among menopausal women. 57 The theoretical basis behind the assumption that estrogen served a protective role in CVD has been supported by abundant observational studies and short-term randomized clinical studies. 58 However, recent results from 2 clinical trials, [Heart and Estrogen/Progestin study (HERS)] 59 and the Estrogen Replacement and Atherosclerosis Trial, 60 have failed to demonstrate that ERT has a beneficial effect on CVD.…”

Section: Statinsmentioning

confidence: 99%

C‐Reactive Proteins and Chronic Disease: What Role Does Nutrition Play?

Liepa

Basu

2003

Nut in Clin Prac

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The following review provides an update on C-reactive proteins (CRPs) and how they are related to chronic diseases and diet. Emphasis is placed on the mechanism that is involved in the infection/stress-induced formation of CRPs. CRPs' role as biomarkers for coronary heart disease is discussed. This review also discusses the roles that obesity, diabetes, smoking, and synthetic hormones play in increasing serum CRP concentrations. It also summarizes information about how dietary manipulation and exercise can decrease CRP concentrations. The dietary components that seem to lead to a decrease in CRPs include omega-3 fatty acids (fish oil), vitamin E, and moderate amounts of alcohol. Aspirin intake is also discussed as a method that can be used to decrease CRP concentrations.

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“…The association of postmenopausal estro gen use and subsequent CHD mortality was examined in the LRC Follow-Up Study [87], This cohort consisted of women aged 40-69 years who were followed for an average of 8.5 years. There were 44 deaths due to CHD among the 1.677 nonusers of estrogens and 6 deaths among the 592 users of estrogens.…”

Section: Postmenopausal Hormone Replacementmentioning

confidence: 99%

Coronary Heart Disease Risk Factors in Women

Corrao¹,

Becker²,

Hamilton³

1990

Cardiology

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Although men and women share a number of coronary risk factors including age, hypertension, cigarette smoking, diabetes, obesity, plasma lipoprotein concentration, and family history, the overall impact of these factors on the incidence and clinical manifestations of coronary heart disease (CHD) may differ. Additional risk factors which solely impact upon women include the use of oral contraceptives, menopause, and postmenopausal hormones. The impact of psychosocial and behavioral factors on CHD risk in women requires further investigation given that our current knowledge of traditional risk factors alone inadequately predicts all cases of CHD.

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Estrogen Use and All-Cause Mortality

Cited by 212 publications

References 16 publications

Role of Estrogens in the Regulation of Liver Lipid Metabolism

Role of Estrogens in the Regulation of Liver Lipid Metabolism

C‐Reactive Proteins and Chronic Disease: What Role Does Nutrition Play?

Coronary Heart Disease Risk Factors in Women

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