Estrogen and Insulin Replacement Therapy Modulates the Expression of Insulin‐Like Growth Factor‐I Receptors in the Salivary Glands of Diabetic Mice

Abstract

Diabetes mellitus results in various complications, also compromising the salivary glands. Hormone levels and interactions with cellular receptors are altered, intensifying the damage caused by this disease. Hormone replacement therapy alone or combined with other treatments may reverse this damage, but doubts still exist regarding the efficacy of this procedure. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of estrogen replacement therapy combined with insulin treatment on salivary secretory cells and on the expression of insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I receptors in salivary glands of spontaneously diabetic (NOD) mice. Twenty-five mice were divided into five groups of five animals each: group I (NOD diabetic), group II (NOD diabetic treated with insulin), group III (NOD diabetic treated with estrogen), group IV (NOD diabetic treated with insulin and estrogen), and group V (control Balb/c mice). Group II received insulin, group III received estrogen, and group IV received insulin plus estrogen administered daily for 20 days. Groups I and V received saline for the same period of time to simulate treatment. Glucose and estrogen levels were monitored during treatment, and salivary gland samples were collected at the end of treatment for stereological analysis and immunofluorescence detection of IGF-I receptors. Tissue restructuring and regulation of IGF-I receptors expression were observed in animals submitted to estrogen replacement therapy plus insulin. Estrogen effectively promoted the recovery of salivary secretory cells, demonstrating that this hormone alone, and especially when combined with insulin, might be important for the reversal of hyperglycemia-induced tissue injury. Anat Rec, 294:1930Rec, 294: -1938Rec, 294: , 2011. V V C 2011 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

Genistein Protects Female Nonobese Diabetic Mice from Developing Type 1 Diabetes When Fed a Soy- and Alfalfa-free Diet

“…It has been reported that mean estrogen levels are 21.3 ± 7.2 pg/ml in female NOD mice, which is lower than other strains, e.g., female BALB/c mice have 93.8 ± 12.4 pg/ml of estrogen (Yashida et al, 2011). Female B6C3F1 mice have higher and more sustained level of endogenous estradiol than female C57BL/6 and CD-1 mice (Gervais and Attia, 2005).…”

“…Females are known to be more susceptible than males with 80% becoming diabetic compared to 20 to 30% of the males by 6 months of age (Anderson and Bluestone 2005). Treatment with estrogen can reduce glucose levels in these mice (Yashida, Da Silva Faria, and Caldeira 2011). We hypothesized that exposure to the common soy phytoestrogen GEN could modulate autoimmune responses in female NOD mice to decrease or delay the development of T1D through an estrogen-related mechanism.…”

Pericyte-Derived Dickkopf2 Regenerates Damaged Penile Neurovasculature Through an Angiopoietin-1-Tie2 Pathway

“…To examine the effect of insulin treatment on erectile function, the mice were distributed into the following three groups: age-matched controls and STZ-induced WT diabetic mice receiving repeated intraperitoneal injection of PBS or insulin (4 international units/day; Sigma-Aldrich) (23,24). Insulin treatment started 1 week after STZ injection (9 weeks of age) and continued for 9 weeks (18 weeks of age).…”

Function of human insulin-like growth factor-1 (hIGF-1) transgene towards the regeneration of peripheral nerves in vivo

“…Electrophysiology results of right sciatic nerve of three groups rats after 56 days ( x  S). this factor, related closely to growth hormone (GF), has attracted researches in many fields, and the appearance of bio products of recombination of IGF-1 further has opened the research visions in the fields of disease diagnosis and therapy (Gehrig et al, 2012;Mu et al, 2012;Yashida et al, 2011). During this experiment, a 3 mm neurotization chamber was successfully set up with sciatic nerve clip.…”