Estradiol metabolism and malignant disease

Mueck, Alfred O.; Seeger, Harald; Lippert, T. H.

doi:10.1016/s0378-5122(02)00141-x

Cited by 70 publications

(38 citation statements)

References 71 publications

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“…L J MA and others . Modulation of DTH by gender, OVX and E2 metabolized to several hydroxyestrogens (reviewed in Mueck et al 2002), and 4-and 16a-hydroxyestrogens are considered to be pro-inflammatory (Janele et al 2006), while 2-hydroxyestrogens are considered to be anti-inflammatory (Janele et al 2006). Progesterone is also anti-inflammatory under some circumstances, contributing to tolerance of the embryo during pregnancy (Zhao et al 2002), and likewise testosterone has been shown to reduce some immune responsivity .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Local cytokine levels associated with delayed-type hypersensitivity responses: modulation by gender, ovariectomy, and estrogen replacement

Lisa

Guzmán

Muller

et al. 2007

Journal of Endocrinology

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It is well established that females mount stronger immune responses than males, but only very little is understood about the underlying mechanisms. We have analyzed local cytokine differences among intact females, those that had been ovariectomized (OVX), those receiving estrogen replacement after OVX, and males, both before and after production of delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) responses. We report confirmation of a much larger DTH response in females versus males. However, OVX resulted in an even larger response, while estrogen replacement resulted in a smaller response when compared with intact females. In animals exposed for the first time to an antigen (without a DTH response), OVX increased interleukin-6 (IL-6) and estrogen replacement after OVX suppressed IL-6. Of the cytokines that differed between males and females exposed for the first time to an antigen, only IL-6 was higher in females versus males when exposure to antigen occurred for the second time (when the DTH response occurs). Analysis of cytokines with OVX and estrogen replacement after a second exposure to antigen showed that IL-6 did not significantly change. Levels of IL-4; Regulated upon Activation, Normal T-cell Expressed; and Secreted; and thrombopoietin, however, correlated with the DTH response, suggesting direct or indirect positive regulation by estrogen. These results suggest an important role for both IL-6 and IL-4 in determining the degree of DTH response, with IL-6 (which appears negatively regulated by estrogen) increasing and IL-4 (which appears positively regulated by estrogen) decreasing the response. The results further suggest that IL-6 may play a role in predisposing to a larger DTH response, while IL-4 levels seem more important during an active response.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Local cytokine levels associated with delayed-type hypersensitivity responses: modulation by gender, ovariectomy, and estrogen replacement

Lisa

Guzmán

Muller

et al. 2007

Journal of Endocrinology

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“…If the metabolite (M1) becomes electronically excited in the singlet state, it is also able to emit (8) e aq − likewise as E1. This explains the appearance of the second maxima observed in Figures 1 and 2.…”

Section: Europe Pmc Funders Author Manuscripts Europe Pmc Funders Autmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In this case, the primary radicals e aq − , H and OH [Equation (8)] are involved in the reactions with the compounds in the media. Because of the relative high concentration of ethanol, reactions (9) and (10) Europe PMC Funders Author Manuscripts adducts [see Equation (5)].…”

Section: Europe Pmc Funders Author Manuscripts Europe Pmc Funders Autmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Electron emission and product analysis of estrone: progesterone interactions studied by experimentsin vitro

Gerschpacher

Getoff

Hartmann

et al. 2010

Gynecological Endocrinology

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Recent studies showed that hormones like progesterone, testosterone, etc. can eject e aq − (solvated electrons). By means of electron transfer processes via the brain, the hormones communicate with other biological systems in the organism. The present study proves that also estrone is able to emit electrons. Their yield strongly depends on the concentration of the hormone, temperature and on the absorbed energy. The metabolites resulting from this process are likewise able to generate electrons, however with much smaller yields. The formation of the estrone metabolites is studied by HPLC-analyses. In vitro experiments with MCF-7 cells demonstrate the distinct effect of progesterone on the carcinogenity of estrone metabolites. Probable reaction mechanisms for explanation of the observed effects are postulated.

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“…Da weiterhin auch beschrieben ist, dass sowohl Hypothyreose als auch Hyperthyreose Veränderungen des hepatischen Östrogenmetabolismus bewirken [83] , was durch orale Östrogene weiter ungünstig beeinflusst werden kann [84] , spricht einiges dafür, bei Frauen mit Disposition zur Hypo-oder auch Hyperthyreose die Östrogenbehandlung mittels transdermaler Applikation durchzuführen.…”

Section: Hrt Bei Erkrankungen Der Schilddrüseunclassified

Hormonersatztherapie bei internistischen Risikopatientinnen

Mueck

2006

Gynäkol Geburtshilfliche Rundsch

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Für eine Hormonersatztherapie (HRT) gelten absolute und relative Kontraindikationen, die in den Fachinformationen primär unter Annahme von Gruppeneffekten nach dem «Worst-case»-Prinzip gelistet sind, um forensischen Anforderungen zu genügen. Bei starkem Leidensdruck kann es aber sinnvoll erscheinen, eine HRT auch bei erhöhtem Risiko durchzuführen. Zur Risikominimierung ergibt sich neben einer allgemeinen Dosisreduktion eine differenzierte Wahl der Präparate vor allem bezüglich der Gestagenkomponente und Applikationsform. Für internistische Risikopatientinnen ist dabei häufig die Bevorzugung von transdermalem Östradiol in Form von Pflastern oder Gelen und neutralen Gestagenen wie Progesteron und Dydrogesteron bzw. Kombipflaster zur komplett transdermalen HRT zu empfehlen. In der Women’s Health Initiative, einer Studie mit einem kardiovaskulär stark belasteten Kollektiv, ergaben sich als wichtigste Risiken venöse Thrombosen und Hirninsulte, im hohen Alter auch Herzinfarkte. Im direkten Zusammenhang damit haben die Risikogruppen mit Diabetes, Hypertonie und Dyslipoproteinämie sowie allgemein Raucherinnen besondere Bedeutung. Weitere häufige internistische Risikogruppen sind Frauen mit Schilddrüsenerkrankungen und Leber-/Gallenwegserkrankungen; seltene, aber prognostisch wichtige Erkrankungen wie Porphyrien und Lupus erythematodes gelten als relative Kontraindikationen. Die Datenlage bei diesen Risikogruppen wird dargestellt und praktische Empfehlungen werden gegeben.

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Estradiol metabolism and malignant disease

Cited by 70 publications

References 71 publications

Local cytokine levels associated with delayed-type hypersensitivity responses: modulation by gender, ovariectomy, and estrogen replacement

Local cytokine levels associated with delayed-type hypersensitivity responses: modulation by gender, ovariectomy, and estrogen replacement

Electron emission and product analysis of estrone: progesterone interactions studied by experimentsin vitro

Hormonersatztherapie bei internistischen Risikopatientinnen

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