Estimation of Toxicity Equivalency and Probabilistic Health Risk on Lifetime Daily Intake of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons from Urban Residential Soils

Abstract

In this study, toxicity equivalents and health risks, based on concentration of 16 priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in urban residential soils were estimated for the human population in Gwalior, India. Benzo(a)pyrene total potency equivalents (BaP TPE) were estimated for assessment of human health risk from direct contact with PAH-contaminated soil. Potential risk to contaminated groundwater from leaching of carcinogenic PAHs was assessed by estimating the index of additive cancer risk (IACR). On the basis of lifetime average daily intake of 16 PAHs through ingestion of PAH-contaminated soils, lifetime cancer risk to human adults and children was estimated. The concentration of probable human carcinogenic PAHs in soils accounted for 38% of 16PAHs. BaP TPE and index of additive cancer risk (IACR) were lower than guideline values of 0.6 mg kg −1 and <1, respectively. Estimated lifetime average daily intakes of PAHs via soil ingestion were lower than recommended dose. However, the ILCR for human adults was within acceptable limits recommended by regulatory agencies, but may need action for children in Gwalior, India.

Levels of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in the Water and Sediment of Buffalo River Estuary, South Africa and Their Health Risk Assessment

“…CSF for BaP is 7.3 mg/kg/day (US EPA 2015 ). Factors for other PAHs were afterward calculated from the values for BaP by taking a multiple of TEF for each compound and its respective CSF as presented in Table 5 (IARC 2006 ; Kumar et al 2015 ; Wei et al 2015 ).…”

“…Limits of detection and quantification for all the selected contaminants ranged from 0.01 to 0.03 μg/L and 0.04 to 0.15 μg/L, respectively, whereas their relative standard deviations varied between 0.59% and 2.51%. Concentrations below detection limits were recorded as zero in calculation but reported as not detected (Jiao et al 2012 ; Gorleku et al 2014 ; Olatunji et al 2014 ; Kumar et al 2015 ). The overall mean recovery of PAHs in both water and sediment samples were found to be 79.53% and 72.20%, correspondingly in agreement with literatures (US EPA 2003 ; Kelly et al 2000 ; Gorleku et al 2014 ).…”

“…Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are priority organic pollutants, which are ubiquitously found in the atmospheric, aquatic, and terrestrial systems and therefore are closely monitored in the environment (Okoro 2008 ; Sakuma et al 2011 ; Adeniji et al 2018a ). They are multiple ring structures having molecular masses in the range of 128 to 278 Dalton (Kumar et al 2015 ). A number of them are genotoxic, mutagenic, carcinogenic, and/or teratogenic in nature with long range of transport and well implicated in endocrine system disruption at levels higher than the maximum allowable limit within a very short time (Wilson et al 2001 ; Cai et al 2009 ; Brazkova and Krastanov 2013 ).…”

Quantitative assessment of human health risk posed by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in urban road dust

“…The exposure pathways identified by US EPA (2002) has been commonly applied in soil science Kumar et al, 2015). An innovation in this study is the adaptation of this procedure for exposure assessment to assess the risk from road dust.…”

“…The second approach requires necessary bioassays which was not practical in this research study, and therefore this approach was also not considered. The third approach is based on the use of toxic equivalent factors (TEFs), and it has been applied in numerous previous studies to evaluate risks from PAHs (Chen and Liao, 2006;Han et al, 2014;Jiang et al, 2014;Khillare et al, 2014;Kumar et al, 2015). Accordingly, the TEF approach was selected for this study to assess risk from PAHs in urban road dust.…”