“…The spatial data used in this study includes the 1-km land use data extracted from the Land Use Remote Sensing Monitoring Data of China in 1990China in , 1995China in , 2000China in , 2005China in , 2010China in , 2015, and 2020 (http://www.resdc.cn, accessed on 31 October 2021), which were reverted from Landsat TM/ETM images. The land types were classified into cropland, forest land, grassland, water area, built-up area, and barren land [12,26], based on which this study explored the land use transfer matrix of the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region during 1990-2020. Besides, the non-spatial data used in this study mainly included the socioeconomic data (e.g., population and GDP), regional energy consumption data, and carbon emission coefficients of the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region, which were obtained from various issues of the China Statistical Yearbook, the China Energy Statistical Yearbook, IPCC reports, and the relevant literature.…”