Estimation of the Production Parameters of Very Large Medieval Bricks from St. Urban, Switzerland

Wolf, Sophie

doi:10.1111/1475-4754.00042

Cited by 40 publications

(38 citation statements)

References 9 publications

(14 reference statements)

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“…If sufficient amounts of calcium are available in the reaction, anorthite is formed either consuming the existing gehlenite together with amorphous clay mineral breakdown products or only by reaction of decomposed clay minerals and lime [70] in the rims of the grains [61]. The breakdown of anorthite is, however, occurred in the range of 900-1,000°C and its progressive disappearance is slightly higher than 1,100°C [72]. On the other hand, wollastonite is another phase which was detected two bodies of this group (I.C.6 and I. E.1).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A new look at XRD patterns of archaeological ceramic bodies

Holakooei

Tessari

Verde

et al. 2014

J Therm Anal Calorim

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In this paper, the general rules of phase transformations in calcareous clay bodies during firing were used to estimate the equivalent firing temperature (EFT) of seventeenth century polychrome Persian haft rang tiles based on their X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns. The novelty of this work is, however, that it handles the XRD patterns of archaeological clay bodies with principal component analysis (PCA) in order to have a new look at their firing and thermal behaviour. Statistically handling the XRD patterns, different clusters were discriminated in the clay bodies whose mineralogical composition showed various proportions of amorphous and quartz contents. The results showed interesting trends in the different clusters in terms of the EFT, quartz content, and the density of the bodies. The present work uses PCA for the first time to have a new look at XRD patterns of archaeological clay bodies and, moreover, to interpret the PCA results in order to estimate the EFT of a large number of archaeological clay bodies

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A new look at XRD patterns of archaeological ceramic bodies

Holakooei

Tessari

Verde

et al. 2014

J Therm Anal Calorim

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“…Images of surface texture and internal morphology produced by the secondary electron detector (SE) served to determine the extent of vitrification, reflecting the temperature at which the pottery was fired (Maniatis and Tite, 1981;Tite and Maniatis, 1975;Tite et al, 1982;Wolf, 2002). Images of compositional variability produced by the backscattered electron detector (BSE), coupled with the analysis by the EDS, allowed us to identify the presence and the composition of the slip of the samples.…”

Section: Archaeological Contextmentioning

confidence: 99%

Technology, production, and distribution of terminal classic molded-carved vases in the Central Maya Lowlands

Ting

Helmke

2013

Open J Archaeometry

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The paper summarises the results of the technological and stylistic analyses of the moldedcarved ceramic vases from Altun Ha, and Pook's Hill, two archaeological sites located in Belize. The stylistic analysis of these vases indicates that the decorative modes and the tradition of manufacturing vases by molds date squarely to the Terminal Classic period (ca. AD 800-1000). The Terminal Classic period is one of transition, exhibiting dramatic socio-political changes in the Maya Lowlands. The technological analyses employ energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence (ED-XRF), thin-section petrography, scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive spectrometer (SEM-EDS), to characterise the physical, mineralogical, and chemical properties of the molded-carved vases. Combining the results of the technological and stylistic analyses help to discriminate the production groups, reconstruct the manufacturing technology, characterise the organisation of production, and delineate distribution patterns. Our present findings reveal that the changes in the socio-political order during the Terminal Classic in the Maya Lowlands likely stimulated changes in the types and manner in which elite pottery was produced, as well as the mechanisms responsible for the distribution of such ceramics.

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“…Según (29), el color de la materia prima arcillosa sin carbonatos y en condiciones oxidantes varía en función de la temperatura de cocción: naranja claro (Munsell 5YR) entre 500 ºC y 900 ºC, naranja rojizo (2,5 YR) entre 900 ºC y 1.100 ºC y marrón rojizo (10R) a temperaturas superiores a 1.100 ºC. El color rojizo va ligado igualmente, como ya se ha comentado, a la hematites Differences in brick colour may be the result of both blending (presence of carbonate and Fe-oxy-hydroxides) and firing conditions (kiln temperature and oxidizing/reducing atmosphere), which determine the (ferrous or ferric) form of the Fe ion (24,25).…”

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“…According to (29), under oxidizing conditions, the colour of carbonate-free clayey raw materials may depend on the firing temperature: 500-900 °C (light orange = Munsell 5YR), 900-1,100 °C (orange-red = 2.5 YR) and >1,100 °C (red-brown = 10R). Red hues can be attributed to hematite neoformation, whereas shades of duskyblack are indicative of the presence of maghemite neoformada, en tanto que la maghemita (γ-Fe 2 O 3 ) da lugar a tonalidades negruzco-oscuras.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…The phase clusters detected (29,31,32,33), particularly como es el caso de aquellos pertenecientes a los pilares del puente romano y los de la Torre de la Gran Cadena. En base tanto a las asociaciones de fases que se han detectado (29,31,32,33), especialmente en los ladrillos manufacturados con materia prima rica en calcio (34,35,36), como a las texturas observadas (37,38), podemos indicar que se emplearon distintas temperaturas de cocción durante el proceso de fabricación:…”

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Investigación arqueométrica de los ladrillos de las antiguas murallas defensivas de la ciudad de Pavía (norte de Italia)

et al. 2006

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RESUMENSe investigan ladrillos recogidos en las murallas defensivas de la histórica ciudad de Pavía (norte de Italia), que fueron construidas en tiempos romanos (no establecidos) y "españoles" (siglos XVI y XVII).En base al color, composición química tanto total como puntual, asociaciones mineralógicas y características texturales, se concluye que se utilizó una materia prima similar en ambas épocas, con algunas particularidades: granulometría más fina en los romanos, adición de carbonato molido y chamota en los "españoles". Por su parte, la porosidad es mayor en los ladrillos "españoles". El amplio rango de temperaturas de cocción observado para estos últimos debe estar relacionado con los distintos usos para los cuales fueron destinados. La presencia esporádica de maghemita se discute, además, en función del tipo de atmósfera imperante en el horno de cocción. El color de los ladrillos "españoles" es más claro, como corresponde a su mayor contenido en carbonatos y menor temperatura de cocción. Estas características ejercen una notable influencia en la resistencia a la meteorización de los distintos tipos de ladrillos y deben, ser tenidas en cuenta a la hora de elaborar posibles planes de restauración.Palabras clave: ladrillos, murallas romanas españolas, Pavía, color, composición química. SUMMARYA study was conducted on bricks sampled from the defence walls around the historic town of Pavia (northern Italy) erected during Roman (uncertain) and "Spanish" (sixteenth-seventeenth centuries) times.An analysis of colour, macro-and micro-chemical composition, mineralogical clusters and structural-textural features showed that similar raw materials were used in the manufacture of these bricks, although certain variations were identified: particle size is finer in Roman bricks, while the "Spanish" version contains ground carbonate and "chamotte" additives. The "Spanish" bricks, fired at lower temperatures, are more porous. The wide range of firing temperatures used to make "Spanish" bricks was very likely related to the intended use. The sporadic presence of maghemite is discussed in the context of the atmosphere prevailing in the kilns. The "Spanish" bricks are lighter in colour as a result of their carbonate content and lower firing temperature. These characteristics, which affect the weather resistance of the different types of brick, should be taken into account in restoration work. K Ke ey yw wo or rd ds s: : bricks, Roman Spanish walls, Pavia, colour, chemical composition.

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Estimation of the Production Parameters of Very Large Medieval Bricks from St. Urban, Switzerland

Cited by 40 publications

References 9 publications

A new look at XRD patterns of archaeological ceramic bodies

A new look at XRD patterns of archaeological ceramic bodies

Technology, production, and distribution of terminal classic molded-carved vases in the Central Maya Lowlands

Investigación arqueométrica de los ladrillos de las antiguas murallas defensivas de la ciudad de Pavía (norte de Italia)

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