Estimation of Life Expectancy for Dependent Population in a Multi-State Context

Abstract

Population statistics show that there was an increase in life expectancy during the last century. However, this fact hides that this increase was not equal for all groups of the population. One of the most problematic cases for measuring this increase is that of the dependent population because of the absence of specific statistics. This paper describes a methodology for calculating life expectancy using multistate models that take into account the diversity of situations considered by Spanish legislation. For this purpose, statistical information contained in the national survey on disability and dependency (EDAD 2008) is used. The results suggest that life expectancies are lower than those of the general population and that they differ according to gender and intensity of suffering from this contingency. The calculations were made considering the legal framework currently existing in Spain. This fact conditions the definition of dependent person and, therefore, the set of individuals, their characteristics, and therefore, their final results.

The Implicit (Un)Healthy Life Expectancy Used for Pricing Long-Term Care Insurance and Life Care Annuities

“…The biometric data in Albarrán-Lozano et al (2021) have the disadvantage of lacking information on the probabilities of transition from active to dependent and are therefore not very useful for assessing an LCA. Nevertheless, including them in this work is interesting since they could be used to value "special-rate annuities", and in particular the "enhanced pension annuity (EPA)" 13 .…”

“…• Mortality ratios with large irregularities that are very difficult to understand and justify (Albarrán-Lozano et al 2021;Esquivel et al, 2021;Cui et al, 2022).…”

Editorial on S.I. “Advances in Measuring Health and Wellbeing” in the International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health

“…This Special Issue contains 11 contributions from diverse research lines, representing different geographies, such as America, Asia or Europe. Some of them are related to elderly or disabled populations ( [1][2][3][4]), while others present new financial or actuarial proposals ( [5][6][7]) or focus on specific diseases, specific factors of mortality or on general wellbeing ( [8][9][10][11]). All of them apply state-of-the-art tools or develop new methods to visualize and analyse data coming from multiple sources to produce reliable measurements on peoples' health and wellbeing.…”

“…Irene Albarrán Lozano, Pablo J. Alonso-González and José Javier Núñez-Velázquez [1] estimate the years of residual life of the dependent population in Spain by applying a multi-state scheme. Specifically, they propose a methodology to estimate the probability of worsening the individual's degree of dependency, that is, of modifying the life expectancy of an individual.…”