Estimation of leakage in the water distribution network of the Holy City of Makkah

AL-Ghamdi, Abdullah S. AL-Malaise; Gutub, Saud A.

doi:10.2166/aqua.2002.0031

Cited by 9 publications

(6 citation statements)

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“…13 Pressure can vary throughout a supply cycle, with very low pressures at the beginning of supply as consumers collect and store water and increasing pressures as household storage tanks fill. 36,92,93 Additionally, if all consumers located near the inflow to a network draw water at the same time, it will reduce overall pressure and networks will fill gradually; in these cases, pressure head may be too low to expel air during charge-up, leaving air to persist throughout supply. 93 Water loss is also a type of demand.…”

Section: ■ Intrusion and Backflowmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Excessive leaks are reported widely in IWS systems, which can both reduce network pressure and provide pathways for intrusion. Though reliable data on water losses are scarce, systems with intermittent supply have been estimated to lose 30–50% of water in their distribution systems. ,,,, Additionally, IWS can damage water meters through repeated drying and wetting and air vacuums, whereas frequent air pockets and consumer storage tanks with float valves cause meters to register incorrect water flow. , Inaccurate meter readings can limit utilities’ abilities to manage water loss and consumer demand.…”

Section: Intrusion and Backflowmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Storing water in homes is a ubiquitous practice in IWS, which has important implications for health of consumers served by such systems. ,,− ,,,,,− Previous research has established that water stored in households is subject to recontamination and regrowth, and that water quality deteriorates between tap and household storage containers from water in both continuous and intermittent supplies. ,,,,− In IWS systems that constrain supply durations, mixing two different types of water in storage containers (e.g., piped and alternative sources) is also common …”

Section: Beginning and End Of The Distribution Systemmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Intermittent Water Supply: Prevalence, Practice, and Microbial Water Quality

Kumpel

Nelson

2016

Environ. Sci. Technol.

194

145

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Intermittent water supplies (IWS), in which water is provided through pipes for only limited durations, serve at least 300 million people around the world. However, providing water intermittently can compromise water quality in the distribution system. In IWS systems, the pipes do not supply water for periods of time, supply periods are shortened, and pipes experience regular flow restarting and draining. These unique behaviors affect distribution system water quality in ways that are different than during normal operations in continuous water supplies (CWS). A better understanding of the influence of IWS on mechanisms causing contamination can help lead to incremental steps that protect water quality and minimize health risks. This review examines the status and nature of IWS practices throughout the world, the evidence of the effect of IWS on water quality, and how the typical contexts in which IWS systems often exist-low-income countries with under-resourced utilities and inadequate sanitation infrastructure-can exacerbate mechanisms causing contamination. We then highlight knowledge gaps for further research to improve our understanding of water quality in IWS.

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Section: ■ Intrusion and Backflowmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Intrusion and Backflowmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Beginning and End Of The Distribution Systemmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Intermittent Water Supply: Prevalence, Practice, and Microbial Water Quality

Kumpel

Nelson

2016

Environ. Sci. Technol.

194

145

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“…If wastewater drains or open gutters are located next to these pipes, the risk of contamination of drinking water with sewage is substantial(Moe et al 1991;Mermin et al 1999) thus increasing the risk to public health. In addition, surges in pressure from intermittent supply can cause uneven strain on pipes and connections, making them more prone to leaks(Al-Ghamdi & Gutub 2002;Chowdhury et al 2002).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In addition, rates of deterioration are influenced by technology chosen, design engineering and spatial planning of the distribution system, which are often inferior in developing countries(Chowdhury et al 2002). Furthermore, governments often contract projects to the lowest bidder, who may use low-grade materials and carry out poor workmanship(WHO 2003), including the installation of pipes at shallow depths which renders them vulnerable to frequent ground movements(Al-Ghamdi & Gutub 2002;…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Deficiencies in drinking water distribution systems in developing countries

Lee

Schwab

2005

Journal of Water and Health

260

158

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Rapidly growing populations and migration to urban areas in developing countries has resulted in a vital need for the establishment of centralized water systems to disseminate potable water to residents. Protected source water and modern, well-maintained drinking water treatment plants can provide water adequate for human consumption. However, ageing, stressed or poorly maintained distribution systems can cause the quality of piped drinking water to deteriorate below acceptable levels and pose serious health risks. This review will outline distribution system deficiencies in developing countries caused by: the failure to disinfect water or maintain a proper disinfection residual; low pipeline water pressure; intermittent service; excessive network leakages; corrosion of parts; inadequate sewage disposal; and inequitable pricing and usage of water. Through improved research, monitoring and surveillance, increased understanding of distribution system deficiencies may focus limited resources on key areas in an effort to improve public health and decrease global disease burden.

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Monitoring bacterial contamination of piped water supply in rural coastal Bangladesh

Ahsan

Akber

Islam

et al. 2017

Environ Monit Assess

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Safe drinking water is scarce in southwest coastal Bangladesh because of unavailability of fresh water. Given the high salinity of both groundwater and surface water in this area, harvested rainwater and rain-fed pond water became the main sources of drinking water. Both the government and non-government organizations have recently introduced pipe water supply in the rural coastal areas to ensure safe drinking water. We assessed the bacteriological quality of water at different points along the piped water distribution system (i.e., the source, treatment plant, household taps, street hydrants, and household storage containers) of Mongla municipality under Mongla Upazila in Bagerhat district. Water samples were collected at 2-month interval from May 2014 to March 2015. Median E. coli and total coliform counts at source, treatment plant, household taps, street hydrants, and household storage containers were respectively 225, 4, 7, 7, and 15 cfu/100 ml and 42,000, 545, 5000, 6150, and 18,800 cfu/100 ml. Concentrations of both of the indicator bacteria reduced after treatment, although it did not satisfy the WHO drinking water standards. However, re-contamination in distribution systems and household storage containers indicate improper maintenance of distribution system and lack of personal hygiene.

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Estimation of leakage in the water distribution network of the Holy City of Makkah

Cited by 9 publications

References 0 publications

Intermittent Water Supply: Prevalence, Practice, and Microbial Water Quality

Intermittent Water Supply: Prevalence, Practice, and Microbial Water Quality

Deficiencies in drinking water distribution systems in developing countries

Monitoring bacterial contamination of piped water supply in rural coastal Bangladesh

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