Estimation of CD3, CD4, and CD8 in Iraqi patients with alopecia areata and alopecia universalis

Abstract

Background Alopecia areata is considered to be an autoimmune disease characterized by T‐cell response and production of cytokines around the anagen stage. Aim of the study The aim of this study was to assess T cells in blood using immune biomarkers (CD3, CD4, and CD8) in patients with AA and AU compared with healthy individuals. Materials and methods This study was carried out at private clinic and in the Department of Dermatology in Al Karama Teaching Hospital. The study groups included 58 patients from different geographic areas in Iraq, with ages ranging from 5 to 48 years from the end of August 2019 to the January 2020; AA patient group included 19, AU patient group included, 11 and control group included 30 with no scalp or body lesions in their disease history. All patients were clinically diagnosed to detect clinical types of disease in the scalp, in the body, and any hair‐bearing area. Venous blood samples were collected from all participants where CD3 T cell, CD4 T cell, and CD8 T cell in whole blood were estimated by flow cytometry technique. Results The present study has found the males are more susceptible to infection than the females in both types of disease. There was no significant difference (p > 0.05) detected for immune biomarkers (CD3, CD4, and CD8) in blood between patient groups in comparison with healthy individuals, but there was a significant decrease (p ≤ 0.05) in immune biomarkers (CD8, CD3) according to stress status in AU and in CD8 T cell between patient groups. CD4/CD8 ratio increased in alopecia patients. Conclusion In current study, There was no significant difference detected for biomarkers (CD3, CD4, and CD8) in blood between patient groups and healthy control, but significantly decrease in CD8 T cell and CD3T cell according to stress in AU, and in CD8T cell between patient groups according to stress This research may have proven one of the theories. Study of CD markers receptors and B cell receptors these will help for future studies.

Evaluation of CD4+, CD39+, FOXP3+Tregulatory cells in Iraqi Alopecia areata patients by ELISA

“…(Younes et al, 2022) According to this study, the level of CD4 T cells was assessed throughout the disease's active stage. There were no appreciable differences (p > 0.05) found for the immunological biomarker CD4 in blood between sick groups and healthy individuals in a prior study contradicting this one (Aldaffaie et al, 2022). (Hamed et al, 2019) disagree to increase CD39 in our study and also partially disagree with our study where they decrease in FOXP3 Treg in lesional skin of AA patients, but they concur to increase the serum level of Foxp3+ in patients in this study by reporting that Patients with Alopecia areata have higher levels of FOXP3+ CD39+ T regulatory cells.…”

“…Because AA skin lesions show per bulbar lymphocytic infiltration, the control group, which was made up of intrafollicular CD8+ T cells and perifollicular CD4+ T cells, formed a "swarm of bees" with elevated counts of telogen hairs in the acute and chronic stages, catagen hairs in the subacute stage, and miniature hairs in chronic stage. This suggests that the activation of follicular autoantigen is necessary (Aldaffaie et al, 2022). For the immune system's homeostasis and maintenance of immunological tolerance, FOXP3+ regulatory T (Treg) cells are crucial.…”

Dissecting cellulitis of the scalp with typical clinical features: A retrospective cross‐sectional study in a Department of Dermatology, Beijing, China

“…T cell studies in alopecia areata might suggest some differences between nonscarring alopecia and cicatricial alopecia. In patients with alopecia areata, the CD8+ T cell count decreases and the CD4+ T/CD8+ T ratio increases, which differentiates this condition from DCS 23,24 …”

“…In patients with alopecia areata, the CD8+ T cell count decreases and the CD4+ T/CD8+ T ratio increases, which differentiates this condition from DCS. 23,24 One past review indicated that 59.5% of bacterial cultures from DCS lesions were positive, and coagulase-negative Staphylococci, Staphylococcus aureus, S. epidermidis, Enterobacter aerogenes, or mixed bacteria were observed in positive cultures. 3 While the role of microorganisms in the pathogenesis of DCS is still unclear, the bacterial infection is considered a secondary occurrence.…”