Estimation of Aflatoxin M1 Exposure through Consumption of Various Dairy Milk Products in Yogyakarta, Indonesia (ESTIMASI PAPARAN AFLATOKSIN M1 MELALUI KONSUMSI BERBAGAI PRODUK SUSU DI YOGYAKARTA, INDONESIA)

Abstract

This study was conducted to investigate the occurrence of aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) in various milk products marketed in Yogyakarta Province (Indonesia) and to estimate the exposure of aflatoxin through contaminated milk consumption. Fresh milk (n=20), pasteurized milk (n=16), and recombined milk products (n=6) were sampled for AFM1 concentration testing by a competitive ELISA test using ELISA kit for AFM1 assay. A survey was conducted to interview consumers (n=88) on milk consumption habit (milk type and amount of consumption). ELISA assays showed 92.5% of samples werecontaminated with AFM1 in a range of 24-570 ng/L (average: 216 ng/L). The highest average AFM1 concentration was detected in pasteurized milk sample (244 ng/L), followed by fresh milk (219 ng/L), and the lowest was in recombined milk sample (131 ng/L). However, 100% of recombined milk samples had AFM1 concentration >50-500 ng/L. Thus, recombined milk product was most likely the main source of AFM1 intake due to its high daily consumption in all age groups. Based on AFM1 levels found in milk and consumption of corresponding milk sample, it was estimated that the overall AFM1 exposure ranges from 1.23 ng/kg body weight/day (in 6-15 year-old children) up to 5.26 ng/kg body weight/day (in 3-5 year-old children). In conclusion, this study revealed high occurrences of AFM1 dairy milk marketed in Yogyakarta. Although levels of AFM1 contamination were in Indonesian regulatory limit, high exposure of aflatoxin found in all age groups of consumer. Thus, this preliminary study provides evidence that AFM1 contaminated milk is a serious public health hazard in Indonesia.

Effect of Lactation Period and Parity Order on Aflatoxin M1 in Milk from Smallholder Farms in Enrekang, South Sulawesi, Indonesia

“…A recent study was conducted in Yogyakarta province in Sleman, Yogyakarta, and Kulon Progo Districts. The results showed that 92.5% of samples were contaminated with AFM1 in a range of 24-570 ng/L and levels of AFM1 contamination were within Indonesian regulatory limit (Sumantri et al 2019). Our results are different in levels of contamination from most previous studies around Indonesia, but some of them are within the Indonesian national standards and others higher than the limits, this limit of contaminations might be the main cause of hazards and risks to human health around the country.…”

The Occurrence of Aflatoxin M1 in Fresh Milk and Its Possible Effects to Public Health

“…Earlier, Nuryono et al (2009) [21] also reported AFM1 content in fresh milk collected from Yogyakarta. A surveillance conducted by Sumantri et al, (2019) [22] revealed the presence of AFM1 in various dairy milk products from Yogyakarta. AFM1 was detected in 92.5% of 42 samples at an averaged concentration of 216 ng/L.…”