Aflatoxin M1 in milk: A global occurrence, intake, &amp; exposure assessment

Turna, Nikita Saha; Wu, Felicia

doi:10.1016/j.tifs.2021.01.093

Cited by 67 publications

(32 citation statements)

References 94 publications

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“…Increased aflatoxin exposure is linked to increased liver cancer risk in humans [16], and field corn produced in the US is in part used for human food both in the US and worldwide. Additionally, increased aflatoxin in dairy animal feed is linked to higher levels of a metabolite aflatoxin M1 in milk [45], which-although not associated with significant human cancer risk [46]may nonetheless cause toxicological effects not yet elucidated.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Climate change will increase aflatoxin presence in US Corn

Hennessy

Tack

et al. 2022

Environ. Res. Lett.

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The impacts of climate change on agricultural production are a global concern and have already begun to occur (1, 2), with major drivers including warmer temperatures and the occurrence of extreme weather events (3-8). An important dimension of the climate change-crop yield relationship that has often been overlooked in the empirical literature is the influence that warming temperatures can have on plant damage arriving through biotic channels, such as pest infestation or fungal infection (5). Aflatoxins are carcinogenic chemicals produced by the fungi Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus, which commonly infect food crops. Currently, in the United States, aflatoxin is a perennial contaminant in corn grown in the South, but rare in the Corn Belt and northern states. Climate change may expand aflatoxin’s geographical prevalence, however; because hot, dry summers promote aflatoxin accumulation. Here we model aflatoxin risk as a function of corn plant growth stages and weather to predict US regions with high aflatoxin risk in 2031-2040, based on sixteen climate change models. Our results suggest that over 89.5% of corn-growing counties in fifteen states, including the Corn Belt, will experience increased aflatoxin contamination in 2031-2040 compared to 2011-2020. Interestingly, the results are spatially heterogeneous and include several Southern counties expected to have lower aflatoxin risk, because the causative fungi become inactivated at very high temperatures.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Climate change will increase aflatoxin presence in US Corn

Hennessy

Tack

et al. 2022

Environ. Res. Lett.

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“…Dairy products can improve health or well-being and, when consumed at recommended levels, their benefits include improved immune system function, reduced risk of cardiovascular, reduced risk of bone mass loss, and protection against free radical damage (Verruck et al, 2019a). Since milk and milk products are daily consumed in many parts of the world and they are especially important in the diets of children, who may be more vulnerable to adverse effects from AFM 1, multiple nations around the world have enacted food safety regulations for the presence of AFM 1 in milk and other dairy products (Turna & Wu, 2021).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It is worth mentioning that high AFM 1 levels in milk indicate high levels of AFB 1 in animal feed. This may imply that the crops used to make that feed such as maize, may have high AFB 1 levels, which upon consumption could harm both animal and human health (Turna & Wu, 2021).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of grains postharvest conditions on mycotoxins occurrence in milk and dairy products

et al. 2022

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Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites produced by some filamentous fungi, which can cause toxic effects in humans and animals. The purpose of the study was to report the influence of postharvest conditions of grains and animal feed on the occurrence of mycotoxins in milk and dairy products which are widely consumed worldwide and have several health benefits for consumers. Among the most toxic mycotoxins are aflatoxins (AFs), with AFB 1 being the most toxic and present in grains and cereals used in the feeding of dairy cows. After ingestion, AFB 1 is converted to AFM 1 , which is excreted in milk, being a source of direct contamination to consumers of this product and dairy products. Thus, knowledge about this substance and the care that can be taken to reduce the consumption of contaminated food is a matter of great importance concerning public health and food safety. This review reports that the temperature and humidity at which the grains are stored, are the main conditions that can be controlled during storage, aiming to reduce the growth of fungi and the production of mycotoxins. This work reinforces that the continuous control of mycotoxins in milk and dairy products is of vital importance to obtain a safe product. Besides, strategies to mitigate the development of fungal contamination have been carefully revised to prevent the formation of these toxic substances.

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“…Aflatoxins are secondary metabolites produced by the Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus parasiticus and Aspergillus nomius fungal species [3]. They are mainly found in cereals and crops which are included in dairy animals' feed.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is the most prevalent and most toxic of aflatoxins. It is considered the most potent naturally occurring carcinogen with a Group 1 human carcinogen designation by the International Agency on Research on Cancer (IARC) [3,4]. In ruminants, after ingesting feed contaminated with AFB1, the AFB1 is transformed in a hydroxylated metabolite in the liver, the Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1), which is excreted in urine and secreted in milk.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Design and Evaluation of a Competitive Phosphorescent Immunosensor for Aflatoxin M1 Quantification in Milk Samples Using Mn:ZnS Quantum Dots as Antibody Tags

et al. 2022

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Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) is one of the most widespread aflatoxins that can be present in the milk of lactating mammals. It can cause carcinogenicity, mutagenesis, teratogenesis, genotoxicity and immunosuppression. The WHO recommends reducing the AFM1 concentration in food products, so the European Commission has set a maximum allowable limit of 0.05 µg L−1 in milk and its products. Thus, there is a need to develop new methodologies to satisfy the demand for reliable, cost-effective, robust and sensitive AFM1 routine controls. In the present work, a competitive phosphorescent immunosensor for AFM1 quantification in milk, based on antibody–antigen recognition and Mn:ZnS quantum dots (d-QDs) as photoluminescent labels, has been developed. Two different assay strategies based on the use of d-QDs as labels of secondary antibodies (direct assay), or of a derivative species of the antigen AFM1-Bovine Serum Albumin (indirect assay) were compared in terms of analytical performance for AFM1 quantification. The best analytical results were obtained with the immunoassay format that uses d-QDs as tags of secondary antibodies (direct assay), and said design was finally selected. The selected immunosensor provided a detection limit for AFM1 quantification of only 0.002 µg L−1, which greatly satisfied the maximum tolerable limit of AFM1 in milk of 0.05 µg L−1. The accuracy, calculated as recovery of AFM1 in fortified skimmed milk samples, ranged from 81 to 90%, with relative standard deviations from 3% to 14%. These results bring to light the good performance of such phosphorescent biosensors as simple and fast alternatives to conventional chromatographic analytical methods.

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Aflatoxin M1 in milk: A global occurrence, intake, & exposure assessment

Cited by 67 publications

References 94 publications

Climate change will increase aflatoxin presence in US Corn

Climate change will increase aflatoxin presence in US Corn

Influence of grains postharvest conditions on mycotoxins occurrence in milk and dairy products

Design and Evaluation of a Competitive Phosphorescent Immunosensor for Aflatoxin M1 Quantification in Milk Samples Using Mn:ZnS Quantum Dots as Antibody Tags

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