Estimation and Comparison of Current and Future Racial/Ethnic Representation in the US Health Care Workforce

Salsberg, Edward; Richwine, Chelsea; Westergaard, Sara; Martinez, Maria Portela; Oyeyemi, Toyese; Vichare, Anushree; Chen, Candice P.

doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.3789

Cited by 135 publications

(124 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…The representation of Hispanic clinicians is one third, and the diversity of health professions training programs continues to perpetuate the problem. 11 In contrast, 1 in 4 home care workers is a Hispanic woman, and 1 in 3 nursing assistants is a Black woman. 12 More work is needed to understand additional aspects of diversity, including socioeconomic background, sexual identity and orientation, disabilities, etc.…”

Section: A Health Workforce Equity Frameworkmentioning

confidence: 99%

Health Workforce for Health Equity

et al. 2021

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T he health workforce is a critical component of any health care system. There is no health care without the people who provide service. As such, the health workforce has a central role in addressing (or maintaining) health disparities.Health disparities are significant and have worsened over the last 20 years in the United States. 1 A growing body of evidence has exposed the role of health care systems in contributing to these disparities. Based on race/ethnicity, sex, sexual identity, socioeconomic status, and geography, communities face disproportionately higher disparities in access, diagnosis, and treatment, ultimately resulting in adverse health outcomes. With coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), it became clear that the inequities are experienced by health workers and those at high risk and who need care. Early challenges with limited personal protective equipment (PPE) increased risks for all health workers but also highlighted the disproportionate risk and lack of PPE for different workers, such as home health care workers who often work at or below minimum wage. 2 Evidence suggests Black and other minority health workers have been at higher risk of COVID-19 infection. 3 At least 6 critically important factors determine whether and what kind of care our society's most disadvantaged sectors receive. These include: who enters the workforce (its composition); how they are educated and trained; how they are distributed geographically and by specialty; which patients and communities are served; how their practice is oriented; and, lastly, the working conditions of the entire health workforce-including home health care workers, support staff, allied health professionals, public health, physicians, nurses, and many others.

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Section: A Health Workforce Equity Frameworkmentioning

confidence: 99%

Health Workforce for Health Equity

et al. 2021

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“…However, they also found differences between racial groups, with Asian groups being over-represented and Black, Hispanic, and AIAN groups remaining underrepresented [ 8 ]. Another cross-sectional study estimated racial and ethnic diversity within the US healthcare workforce and healthcare graduates across 10 health professions [ 10 ]. In alignment, Salsberg and Colleagues [ 10 ] concluded that despite increasing numbers of Black, Hispanic, and Native American healthcare graduates entering the healthcare workforce, representation within the educational pipeline and workforce remained lower than the general working population [ 10 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Another cross-sectional study estimated racial and ethnic diversity within the US healthcare workforce and healthcare graduates across 10 health professions [ 10 ]. In alignment, Salsberg and Colleagues [ 10 ] concluded that despite increasing numbers of Black, Hispanic, and Native American healthcare graduates entering the healthcare workforce, representation within the educational pipeline and workforce remained lower than the general working population [ 10 ]. These findings suggest that diversity initiatives need to improve strategies to retain racial and ethnic minorities within the health education and workforce pipeline.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Understanding Healthcare Students’ Experiences of Racial Bias: A Narrative Review of the Role of Implicit Bias and Potential Interventions in Educational Settings

Joseph

Flint

Raymond-Williams

et al. 2021

IJERPH

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Implicit racial bias is a persistent and pervasive challenge within healthcare education and training settings. A recent systematic review reported that 84% of included studies (31 out of 37) showed evidence of slight to strong pro-white or light skin tone bias amongst healthcare students and professionals. However, there remains a need to improve understanding about its impact on healthcare students and how they can be better supported. This narrative review provides an overview of current evidence regarding the role of implicit racial bias within healthcare education, considering trends, factors that contribute to bias, and possible interventions. Current evidence suggests that biases held by students remain consistent and may increase during healthcare education. Sources that contribute to the formation and maintenance of implicit racial bias include peers, educators, the curriculum, and placements within healthcare settings. Experiences of implicit racial bias can lead to psychosomatic symptoms, high attrition rates, and reduced diversity within the healthcare workforce. Interventions to address implicit racial bias include an organizational commitment to reducing bias in hiring, retention, and promotion processes, and by addressing misrepresentation of race in the curriculum. We conclude that future research should identify, discuss, and critically reflect on how implicit racial biases are enacted and sustained through the hidden curriculum and can have detrimental consequences for racial and ethnic minority healthcare students.

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“…8,9 Despite the clear demonstration that underrepresented minority dental students and dentists are beneficial in the classroom and in the workforce, a notable lack of diversity persists in dentistry and has been documented. [12][13][14][15][16][17] This paper documents the performance of each of the accredited dental schools in terms of the percentage of graduates who were Black or of Hispanic individuals between 2017 and 2019 compared to the diversity of the potential pool of applicants. The paper also assesses whether schools have increased or decreased the diversity of their graduates between 2010-2012 and 2017-2019.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Limited, uneven progress in increasing racial and ethnic diversity of dental school graduates

Salsberg

Brantley

Westergaard

et al. 2021

Journal of Dental Education

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Purpose/objectives: To assess racial and ethnic diversity of graduates of each dental school compared to the diversity of populations they draw from and to assess changes over time nationally and by school. Methods: We calculated diversity of graduates by school and nationally between 2010-2012 and 2017-2019 using the Integrated Post-secondary Education Data System (IPEDS) and compared the diversity of each state's college age population using data from the American Community Survey. We accounted for differences between in-state and out-of-state students attending public and private schools based on data from the American Dental Association's Survey of Dental Education Series. A diversity index (DI) was calculated for each school. A DI of 0.5 means that the representation of Black or Hispanic individuals among the graduates is half of their representation in the benchmark population. Results: Among the 63 dental schools analyzed, only seven had a DI of greater than 0.5 for Black graduates (two of which were Historically Black Colleges and Universities) in 2017-2019. For Hispanic graduates, 20 schools had a DI above 0.5. Nationally, while the number of Black graduates increased between 2010-2012 and 2017-2019, the percentage decreased from 5.8% to 5.1%. The percentage of Hispanic graduates increased from 6.4% to 8.7%.Conclusions: Black and Hispanic individuals are underrepresented among dental school graduates. Increasing the diversity of the dental workforce could help address significant oral health disparities experienced by Black and Hispanic people. More needs to be done by the dental education community to increase racial and ethnic diversity of dental graduates.

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Estimation and Comparison of Current and Future Racial/Ethnic Representation in the US Health Care Workforce

Cited by 135 publications

References 21 publications

Health Workforce for Health Equity

Health Workforce for Health Equity

Understanding Healthcare Students’ Experiences of Racial Bias: A Narrative Review of the Role of Implicit Bias and Potential Interventions in Educational Settings

Limited, uneven progress in increasing racial and ethnic diversity of dental school graduates

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