Estimating the number of occupants and activity intensity in large spaces with environmental sensors

Zhang, Xiaohao; Zhou, Tongyu; Kokogiannakis, Georgios; Liang, Xin; Wang, Chaoju

doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2023.110714

Cited by 3 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 35 publications

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“…The MI-PIR system’s novel approach, therefore, offers a more reliable solution for applications like monitoring indoor environments where accurate people counting is crucial. Regarding determining intervals for people counting instead of counting the exact number of people, in a study by Zhang et al [ 57 ], a single PIR sensor was installed at the entrance of a studio, capable of discerning the direction of both entry and exit. In this research, instead of pinpointing the exact number of people, they used number intervals to classify how many occupants were present.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Passive Infrared Sensor-Based Occupancy Monitoring in Smart Buildings: A Review of Methodologies and Machine Learning Approaches

Shokrollahi,

Persson,

Malekian

et al. 2024

Sensors

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Buildings are rapidly becoming more digitized, largely due to developments in the internet of things (IoT). This provides both opportunities and challenges. One of the central challenges in the process of digitizing buildings is the ability to monitor these buildings’ status effectively. This monitoring is essential for services that rely on information about the presence and activities of individuals within different areas of these buildings. Occupancy information (including people counting, occupancy detection, location tracking, and activity detection) plays a vital role in the management of smart buildings. In this article, we primarily focus on the use of passive infrared (PIR) sensors for gathering occupancy information. PIR sensors are among the most widely used sensors for this purpose due to their consideration of privacy concerns, cost-effectiveness, and low processing complexity compared to other sensors. Despite numerous literature reviews in the field of occupancy information, there is currently no literature review dedicated to occupancy information derived specifically from PIR sensors. Therefore, this review analyzes articles that specifically explore the application of PIR sensors for obtaining occupancy information. It provides a comprehensive literature review of PIR sensor technology from 2015 to 2023, focusing on applications in people counting, activity detection, and localization (tracking and location). It consolidates findings from articles that have explored and enhanced the capabilities of PIR sensors in these interconnected domains. This review thoroughly examines the application of various techniques, machine learning algorithms, and configurations for PIR sensors in indoor building environments, emphasizing not only the data processing aspects but also their advantages, limitations, and efficacy in producing accurate occupancy information. These developments are crucial for improving building management systems in terms of energy efficiency, security, and user comfort, among other operational aspects. The article seeks to offer a thorough analysis of the present state and potential future advancements of PIR sensor technology in efficiently monitoring and understanding occupancy information by classifying and analyzing improvements in these domains.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Passive Infrared Sensor-Based Occupancy Monitoring in Smart Buildings: A Review of Methodologies and Machine Learning Approaches

Shokrollahi,

Persson,

Malekian

et al. 2024

Sensors

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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WiSA: Privacy-enhanced WiFi-based activity intensity recognition in smart buildings using personalized federated learning

Zhu,

Xu,

Zhuang

et al. 2024

Energy and Buildings

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PIR Sensor-Based Occupancy Monitoring in Smart Buildings: A Review of Methodologies and Machine Learning Approaches

Shokrollahi,

Persson,

Malekian

et al. 2024

Preprint

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Buildings are rapidly becoming more digitized, to a large extent due to developments in IoT. This will provide many opportunities but also a number of challenges. One of the central challenges in the process of digitizing buildings is the ability to monitor the building’s status effectively. This monitoring is essential for various services that rely on information about the presence and activities of individuals within different areas of the building. Occupancy information, including people counting, occupancy detection, location tracking, and activity detection, plays a vital role in the management of smart buildings. In this article, our primary focus is on the use of Passive Infrared (PIR) sensors for gathering occupancy information. PIR sensors are among the most widely used sensors for this purpose due to their consideration of privacy concerns, cost-effectiveness, and low processing complexity compared to many others. Despite numerous literature review articles in the field of occupancy information, there currently isn’t a specialized literature review dedicated to occupancy information derived specifically from PIR sensors.Therefore, this study analyzes articles that specifically explore the application of PIR sensors for occupancy information. This article provides a comprehensive literature review of PIR sensor technology from 2015 to 2023, with a focus on applications in people counting, activity detection, and localization (traking and location). It consolidates findings from a number of articles that have explored and enhanced the capabilities of PIR sensors in these interconnected domains. This review thoroughly examines the application of various techniques, machine learning algorithms, and configurations for PIR sensors in indoor building environments, emphasizing not only the data processing aspects but also their advantages, limitations, and efficacy in producing accurate occupancy information.These developments are crucial for improving building management systems in terms of energy efficiency, security, and user comfort, among other operational aspects.These developments are crucial for improving building management systems in terms of energy efficiency, security, and user comfort, among other operational aspects. The paper seeks to offer a thorough analysis of the present state and potential future advancements of PIR sensor technology in efficiently monitoring and understanding occupancy information by classifying and analyzing improvements in these domains.

show abstract

Estimating the number of occupants and activity intensity in large spaces with environmental sensors

Cited by 3 publications

References 35 publications

Passive Infrared Sensor-Based Occupancy Monitoring in Smart Buildings: A Review of Methodologies and Machine Learning Approaches

Passive Infrared Sensor-Based Occupancy Monitoring in Smart Buildings: A Review of Methodologies and Machine Learning Approaches

WiSA: Privacy-enhanced WiFi-based activity intensity recognition in smart buildings using personalized federated learning

PIR Sensor-Based Occupancy Monitoring in Smart Buildings: A Review of Methodologies and Machine Learning Approaches

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