Estimating the Need for Neck Lymphadenectomy in Submucosal Esophageal Cancer Using Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide‐Enhanced Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Clinical Validation Study
“…354 A recent study using Ferucarbotran (Resovist) to map lymph node metastasis in 22 patients with thoracic squamous cell esophageal cancer showed no side effects from the IONPs. 359 Howarth et al 360 used another type of dextran coated IONPs (Sinerem) for diagnosis of carotid inflammatory plaques in 20 patients without any adverse side effect. In another human trial, the safety of Ferumoxtran-10 was tested in 1777 adults and at least one adverse effect ( e.g.…”
Iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) have been extensively used during the last two decades, either as effective bio-imaging contrast agents or as carriers of biomolecules such as drugs, nucleic acids and peptides for controlled delivery to specific organs and tissues. Most of these novel applications require elaborate tuning of the physiochemical and surface properties of the IONPs. As new IONPs designs are envisioned, synergistic consideration of the body's innate biological barriers against the administered nanoparticles and the short and long-term side effects of the IONPs become even more essential. There are several important criteria (e.g. size and size-distribution, charge, coating molecules, and plasma protein adsorption) that can be effectively tuned to control the in vivo pharmacokinetics and biodistribution of the IONPs. This paper reviews these crucial parameters, in light of biological barriers in the body, and the latest IONPs design strategies used to overcome them. A careful review of the long-term biodistribution and side effects of the IONPs in relation to nanoparticle design is also given. While the discussions presented in this review are specific to IONPs, some of the information can be readily applied to other nanoparticle systems, such as gold, silver, silica, calcium phosphates and various polymers.
“…354 A recent study using Ferucarbotran (Resovist) to map lymph node metastasis in 22 patients with thoracic squamous cell esophageal cancer showed no side effects from the IONPs. 359 Howarth et al 360 used another type of dextran coated IONPs (Sinerem) for diagnosis of carotid inflammatory plaques in 20 patients without any adverse side effect. In another human trial, the safety of Ferumoxtran-10 was tested in 1777 adults and at least one adverse effect ( e.g.…”
Iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) have been extensively used during the last two decades, either as effective bio-imaging contrast agents or as carriers of biomolecules such as drugs, nucleic acids and peptides for controlled delivery to specific organs and tissues. Most of these novel applications require elaborate tuning of the physiochemical and surface properties of the IONPs. As new IONPs designs are envisioned, synergistic consideration of the body's innate biological barriers against the administered nanoparticles and the short and long-term side effects of the IONPs become even more essential. There are several important criteria (e.g. size and size-distribution, charge, coating molecules, and plasma protein adsorption) that can be effectively tuned to control the in vivo pharmacokinetics and biodistribution of the IONPs. This paper reviews these crucial parameters, in light of biological barriers in the body, and the latest IONPs design strategies used to overcome them. A careful review of the long-term biodistribution and side effects of the IONPs in relation to nanoparticle design is also given. While the discussions presented in this review are specific to IONPs, some of the information can be readily applied to other nanoparticle systems, such as gold, silver, silica, calcium phosphates and various polymers.
“…These particles are composed of an iron Page 30 of 64 A c c e p t e d M a n u s c r i p t 30 oxide core and coated with a biocompatible polymer (Harisinghani et al, 2003;Mahmoudi et al, 2011). Due to their uptake by RES cells, they have been mainly studied for the imaging of liver cancer (Gandon et al, 1991;Nakamura et al, 2000) and for the non-invasive imaging of lymph nodes metastases (Harisinghani et al, 2003;Motoyama et al, 2012), although various other applications have been proposed as well (Alam et al, 2012;Dousset et al, 2006;Elizondo et al, 1990). From a historical perspective, theranostics had a developmental role in the area of nanotherapeutics since its infancy.…”
“…When MIONs were coated with dextran, the LD50 are increased to 2000~6000 mg/kg [ 67 ]. When used to treat lymph node metastases from thoracic squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus, MIONs (ferucarbotran in this case) exhibited negligible side effects [ 68 ]. The application of dextran–coated MIONs in the diagnosis of carotid inflammatory plaques also showed no obvious side effects [ 69 ].…”
Section: Basis Of Magnetic Nanomaterials Mediated Diagnosis and Therapy Of Cancermentioning
Cancer is the top cause of death globally. Developing smart nanomedicines that are capable of diagnosis and therapy (theranostics) in one–nanoparticle systems are highly desirable for improving cancer treatment outcomes. The magnetic nanoplatforms are the ideal system for cancer theranostics, because of their diverse physiochemical properties and biological effects. In particular, a biocompatible iron oxide nanoparticle based magnetic nanoplatform can exhibit multiple magnetic–responsive behaviors under an external magnetic field and realize the integration of diagnosis (magnetic resonance imaging, ultrasonic imaging, photoacoustic imaging, etc.) and therapy (magnetic hyperthermia, photothermal therapy, controlled drug delivery and release, etc.) in vivo. Furthermore, due to considerable variation among tumors and individual patients, it is a requirement to design iron oxide nanoplatforms by the coordination of diverse functionalities for efficient and individualized theranostics. In this article, we will present an up–to–date overview on iron oxide nanoplatforms, including both iron oxide nanomaterials and those that can respond to an externally applied magnetic field, with an emphasis on their applications in cancer theranostics.
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