Estimating the Cost and Payment for Sanitation in the Informal Settlements of Kisumu, Kenya: A Cross Sectional Study

Simiyu, Sheillah; Swilling, Mark; Rheingans, Richard; Cairncross, Sandy

doi:10.3390/ijerph14010049

Cited by 26 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 63 publications

(95 reference statements)

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“…The relationship between landlords and tenants varies. Some landlords and tenants have a cordial relationship, other landlords have a general feeling that tenants are uncooperative, and in other cases, there is a general understanding among landlords and tenants, especially with regards to payment of rent [ 27 – 29 ].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Barriers and opportunities for cleanliness of shared sanitation facilities in low-income settlements in Kenya

et al. 2020

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Background The sharing of sanitation facilities is a common practice in low-income areas in sub-Saharan Africa. However, shared sanitation is currently categorized as a limited sanitation service, and may therefore not count towards meeting the global goals. These shared facilities are often the only option available for most residents in low-income settlements, and improving their cleanliness and overall management is key to reducing open defecation and risk of disease. This study sought to investigate barriers and opportunities for improved cleanliness of shared sanitation facilities in low-income settlements of Kisumu city, Kenya. Methods Thirty-nine in-depth interviews and 11 focus group discussions were held with residents – mainly tenants and landlords – of a low-income settlement in Kisumu. Analysis followed a thematic approach to define the problem, specify the target behaviour and identify the changes needed. Results Sanitation facilities were mainly pit latrines, typically shared among landlords and tenants. Participants singled out behavioural (poor use of the shared toilets) and social (lack of cooperation in cleaning) challenges that led to unclean shared toilets. Available opportunities for improvement included instituting clear cleaning plans, improving communication among users, and enhanced problem-solving mechanisms between landlords and tenants. These approaches could form the basis for designing intervention strategies for improving the cleanliness of shared sanitation facilities. Conclusion The results highlight the need to focus on social aspects for improvement of cleanliness in shared sanitation facilities in low-income settlements. Through a social approach, shared sanitation facilities can be managed appropriately to provide the millions of low-income residents in Kenya an opportunity to access sanitation. This study provides further evidence on approaches for improved management of shared sanitation facilities in line with the World Health Organization’s (WHO) Joint Monitoring Program’s (JMP) recommendation for high quality shared facilities.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Barriers and opportunities for cleanliness of shared sanitation facilities in low-income settlements in Kenya

et al. 2020

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“…Absenteeism among landlords affected living conditions in the settlements, since these landlords did not make any improvements to conditions within their premises. It is also possible that these landlords had low incomes, and they used their premises, particularly rental housing, as a means for economic survival or as an opportunity for income generation; a premise that has been noted in other researches in Kisumu (Simiyu et al 2017b;Smith 2017), Brazil (Lonardoni and Bolay 2016) and Nigeria (Opoko 2014). These results therefore reveal that apart from assurance of tenure security, landlords influence living conditions and deprivation in informal settlements since they are service providers.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

“…Results from a preliminary study were used to calculate the required sample size for a cross-sectional survey, which resulted in a total sample of 160 compounds (detailed in Simiyu et al 2017b). Due to challenges of lack of data, the sample size was divided equally among four informal settlements-Nyalenda A, Nyalenda B, Bandani and Obunga.…”

Section: Sampling and Data Collectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Understanding Living Conditions and Deprivation in Informal Settlements of Kisumu, Kenya

2018

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Informal settlements are a common occurrence in developing countries. Each settlement, however, has unique living conditions which require improvement efforts that are specifically tailored to the settlement. This study, carried out in Kisumu's informal settlements, had two aims: to describe living conditions and to propose areas of improvement within the settlements. The study adopted two approaches: the living conditions framework and the multi-dimensional poverty index. Results indicate that deprivation is widespread at the individual and housing unit level, but the settlements are served with public services such as schools and health centres which residents can access. At the compound level, compounds lack infrastructural services such as water, sanitation and solid waste disposal, and where they are available, these services are shared. This study highlights the importance of basic service provision, upgrading of housing and supporting of existing income-generating opportunities within the settlements. Development efforts should involve all stakeholders, including landlords, tenants, community groups and governmental and non-governmental organisations.

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“…The relationship between landlords and tenants varies. Some landlords and tenants have a cordial relationship, other landlords have a general feeling that tenants are uncooperative, and in other cases, there is a mutual relationship among landlords and tenants, especially with regards to payment of rent [27][28][29].…”

Section: Study Areamentioning

confidence: 99%

Barriers and opportunities for cleanliness of shared sanitation facilities in low-income settlements in Kenya

Simiyu

Kweyu

Antwi-Agyei

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Background: Sharing of sanitation is commonly being practiced in low income areas in Sub Saharan Africa. However, shared sanitation is categorized as a limited sanitation service, and they may therefore not count towards achieving the global goals. These shared facilities are often the only option available for most residents in low income settlements, and improving their cleanliness and overall management is key to reducing open defecation and risk of disease. This study sought to investigate barriers and opportunities for improved cleanliness of shared sanitation in low income settlements of Kisumu in Kenya. Methods: Thirty-nine In-depth interviews and 11 focus group discussions were held with residents, who were mainly tenants and landlords. Analysis followed a thematic approach to define the problem, specify the target behaviour and define what needs to change. Results: Sanitation facilities were mainly pit latrines commonly shared among landlords and tenants. Participants singled out behavioural (poor use of the shared toilets) and social (lack of cooperation in cleaning) challenges that led to unclean shared toilets. Available opportunities for improvement included instituting clear cleaning plans, improving communication among users, and enhanced problem solving mechanisms between landlords and tenants. These approaches could form the basis for designing intervention strategies for improving the cleanliness of shared sanitation. Conclusion: The results highlight the need to focus on social aspects for improvement of shared sanitation cleanliness in low income settlements. Through a social approach, shared sanitation facilities can be managed appropriately to afford the millions of low income residents an opportunity to access sanitation. This study provides further evidence on approaches for improved management of shared sanitation facilities in line with the JMP’s recommendation for high quality shared facilities.

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Estimating the Cost and Payment for Sanitation in the Informal Settlements of Kisumu, Kenya: A Cross Sectional Study

Cited by 26 publications

References 63 publications

Barriers and opportunities for cleanliness of shared sanitation facilities in low-income settlements in Kenya

Barriers and opportunities for cleanliness of shared sanitation facilities in low-income settlements in Kenya

Understanding Living Conditions and Deprivation in Informal Settlements of Kisumu, Kenya

Barriers and opportunities for cleanliness of shared sanitation facilities in low-income settlements in Kenya

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