Estimating salt intake in humans: not so easy!

Titze, Jens

doi:10.3945/ajcn.117.158147

Cited by 15 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…Of these, the INTERSALT equations worked best in our population, and the mean difference between salt intake estimated from INTERSALT spot urine and 24-h urine of 0.4 g/day for men and −0.1 g/day for women is close to the difference of −0.4 g/day (both genders combined) presented in a meta-analysis [22]. It is important to keep in mind that these equations at their best give estimates of mean intakes and can lead to large misclassifications when estimating individual intakes [41]. As previously reported [12,22], and as found in our study, these equations tend to overestimate excretion at low intakes and underestimate excretion at high intakes.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 65%

Sodium and Potassium Intake Assessed by Spot and 24-h Urine in the Population-Based Tromsø Study 2015–2016

et al. 2019

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Reduction of salt intake is a public health priority and necessitates the surveillance of salt intake in the population. The validity of salt intake assessed by dietary surveys is generally low. We, therefore, aimed to estimate salt intake by 24-h urine collection and to assess the usefulness of spot urine collection for surveillance purposes. In the population-based Tromsø Study 2015–2016, 493 men and women aged 40–69 years collected 24-h urine, of whom 475 also collected spot urine. Sodium and potassium excretions were calculated by multiplying respective urinary concentrations by the total volume of urine. Based on the sodium concentration in spot urine, we also estimated 24-h sodium excretion by three different equations. Mean sodium excretion was 4.09 ± 1.60 and 2.98 ± 1.09 g/24-h in men and women, respectively, corresponding to a calculated salt intake of 10.4 and 7.6 g. The sodium to potassium molar (Na/K) ratio was approximately 1.8 in both genders. Of the three equation utilizing spot urine, estimated mean 24-h sodium excretion was closest for the INTERSALT formulae (4.29 and 2.96 g/24-h in men and women, respectively). In this population-based study, the estimated salt intake was higher than the recommended intake. However, urine potassium excretion was rather high resulting in a favorable Na/K ratio. Mean sodium excretion calculated from spot urine by the INTERSALT equation predicted the mean sodium excretion in 24-h urine reasonably well.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 65%

Sodium and Potassium Intake Assessed by Spot and 24-h Urine in the Population-Based Tromsø Study 2015–2016

et al. 2019

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“…Dietary questionnaires are of limited validity, as is the assessment of Na + by any means ( 52 ) . Nevertheless, used to compare groups, as in the present study, absolute values are a lesser concern.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Acculturation of immigrant diet, basic taste responses and sodium appetite

Leshem

Dessie-Navon

2018

J Nutr Sci

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In young new Ethiopian immigrants (EI, about 0·5 years since immigration; n 20), veteran Ethiopian immigrant students (ES, about 13 years since immigration; n 30) and native Israeli students (NS; n 82), dietary macronutrients and electrolytes, and responses to basic tastes were compared in a cross-sectional design. From EI, to ES, to NS, dietary energy, protein, fat, and Na+ increase, whereas carbohydrates, K+ and Ca2+ do not differ. Corrected for energy intake, only Na+ increases. EI consume less dietary Na+, like foods with less Na+ content, salt their food less, yet show a greater hedonic response to salt taste. In contrast, preference for sweet does not differ. Taste psychophysics, 6-n-propylthiouracil (PROP) responses and lingual fungiform papillae density differ by group (and sex), but do not relate to dietary intake. Together, these changes could reflect dietary acculturation, increasing overall intake, Na+ in particular, accompanied by decreasing taste sensitivity, and changes in sensory perception and preference in these Ethiopian immigrants. The fact that immigrants find salt more hedonic, yet eat less of it, could suggest increased sensitivity to its taste, and might suggest restoring sensitivity to reduce Na+ intake for all. Similar alterations in taste sensory responses might be obtained in other forms of dietary flux. Understanding dietary acculturation can focus efforts (e.g. on Na+), to anticipate the disease burden of diets of affluence among immigrants. Yet, these immigrants’ nutrition is healthier in its low fat and Na+, suggesting that nutritional advice should focus on preservation, as well as prevention. Our study adds Ethiopian nutritional acculturation to that of the varied immigrant groups around the world.

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“…We found that high-salt diet (4–8% NaCl, 8–16 times the salt content of the normal mouse chow) for two to six months leads to cerebral endothelial dysfunction in the absence of HTN, without affecting neurovascular coupling. 9 Uncertainties concerning basal salt requirements and consumption in humans notwithstanding, 125 a 4–8% salt diet approaches the highest levels of estimated salt consumption in humans. 126 Dietary salt-induced endothelial dysfunction is associated with a global reduction in CBF and cognitive impairment, attesting to the key role of the cerebrovascular endothelium in maintaining cognitive health.…”

Section: Dietary Salt Cerebrovascular Dysfunction and Cognitive Impamentioning

confidence: 99%

Hypertension, dietary salt and cognitive impairment

Santisteban

Iadecola

2018

J Cereb Blood Flow Metab

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Dementia is growing at an alarming rate worldwide. Although Alzheimer disease is the leading cause, over 50% of individuals diagnosed with Alzheimer disease have vascular lesions at autopsy. There has been an increasing appreciation of the pathogenic role of vascular risk factors in cognitive impairment caused by neurodegeneration. Midlife hypertension is a leading risk factor for late-life dementia. Hypertension alters cerebrovascular structure, impairs the major factors regulating the cerebral microcirculation, and promotes Alzheimer pathology. Experimental studies have identified brain perivascular macrophages as the major free radical source mediating neurovascular dysfunction of hypertension. Recent evidence indicates that high dietary salt may also induce cognitive impairment. Contrary to previous belief, the effect is not necessarily associated with hypertension and is mediated by a deficit in endothelial nitric oxide. Collectively, the evidence suggests a remarkable cellular diversity of the impact of vascular risk factors on the cerebral vasculature and cognition. Whereas long-term longitudinal epidemiological studies are needed to resolve the temporal relationships between vascular risk factors and cognitive dysfunction, single-cell molecular studies of the vasculature in animal models will provide a fuller mechanistic understanding. This knowledge is critical for developing new preventive, diagnostic, and therapeutic approaches for these devastating diseases of the mind.

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Estimating salt intake in humans: not so easy!

Cited by 15 publications

References 9 publications

Sodium and Potassium Intake Assessed by Spot and 24-h Urine in the Population-Based Tromsø Study 2015–2016

Sodium and Potassium Intake Assessed by Spot and 24-h Urine in the Population-Based Tromsø Study 2015–2016

Acculturation of immigrant diet, basic taste responses and sodium appetite

Hypertension, dietary salt and cognitive impairment

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