Estimating hardness and density of wood and charcoal by near-infrared spectroscopy

Neto, Raul de Abreu; Ramalho, Fernanda Maria Guedes; Costa, Lívia Ribeiro; Hein, Paulo Ricardo Gherardi

doi:10.1007/s00226-020-01232-y

Cited by 14 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…VIS and NIRS are suitable techniques to replace laborious and uneconomic conventional analyses, as they require no treatment of the sample, are rapid and readily assessed, and have the potential for automation and on-site application (Casson et al 2020, Santos et al 2021. In wood science, these techniques have proven useful in predicting chemical properties (Lengowski et al 2018), moisture content (Kobori et al 2013, Chen and, basic density (Li et al 2020, de Abreu Neto et al 2020, anatomical element sizes (Li et al 2018) and mechanical properties , de Abreu Neto et al 2020, as well as for identifying species (Nisgoski et al 2017). In the energy context, they are feasible for the assessment of biodiesel quality (Pilar Dorado et al 2011, Fernandes et al 2011, prediction of the heating value of manure (Preece et al 2013), and rapid determination of total petroleum hydrocarbon content (Douglas et al 2018).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Performance of visible and Near-infrared spectroscopy to predict the energetic properties of wood

Gmach,

Jacobowski,

Bonfatti Júnior

et al. 2023

Maderas-Cienc Tecnol

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Wood can be used for fuel by direct burning, or as a raw material for other fuels; however, it is necessary to evaluate the energy properties to ensure the optimal use of this material. The most relevant characteristics to be analyzed are the higher heating value, volatile material content, fixed carbon content, and ash content. Along with the traditional methods, there are also non-destructive evaluations that are optimized for speed and reliability. Among these methods, visible spectroscopy and near-infrared spectroscopy have been proven to be robust for the prediction of several wood properties. The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential of visible spectroscopy and near-infrared spectroscopy for species discrimination and prediction of higher heating value, volatile material content, fixed carbon content, and ash content for Eucalyptus saligna, Eucalyptus dunnii, and Eucalyptus benthamii woods. For this purpose, multivariate principal component analysis and partial least squares regression were applied to the collected spectra. The principal component analysis satisfactorily discriminated the three species, explaining 99% of the variance of the visible spectroscopy spectra and 73% of that of the near-infrared spectra. The estimation of energetic properties through partial least squares regression was satisfactory for both visible spectroscopy and near-infrared spectroscopies, which presented calibration R² values close to 1 and low errors for all properties studied.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Performance of visible and Near-infrared spectroscopy to predict the energetic properties of wood

Gmach,

Jacobowski,

Bonfatti Júnior

et al. 2023

Maderas-Cienc Tecnol

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“…Several researchers have used near-infrared (NIR) and mid-infrared (IR) spectroscopy to evaluate the effect of the thermal modification at different temperatures and different wood species [47][48][49][50]. Although NIR spectroscopy in correlation with multivariate data analyses is the most common spectroscopic method used to model the MOE and MOR of treated wood [48], to estimate the hardness and density [51] or to predict the crystallinity degree [52], the evaluation of the chemical composition or physical properties has been investigated by mid-infrared spectroscopy [46,53,54]. Recently, the moisture distribution in thermally modified Scots pine has been assessed using hyperspectral NIR [55], realising a new application for determining the drying characteristics of thermally modified timber.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Correlation of Studies between Colour, Structure and Mechanical Properties of Commercially Produced ThermoWood® Treated Norway Spruce and Scots Pine

Torniainen

Popescu

Jones

et al. 2021

Forests

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The thermal modification of wood has become the most-commonly commercialised wood modification process globally, with the ThermoWood® process currently being the most dominant. As with all commercial processes, there is a need to have a robust quality control system, with several small–scale studies undertaken to date investigating quality control using a range of analytical methods, culminating in a multi-year assessment of colour as a means of quality control. This study, as an extension to this multi-year assessment, further explores the colour of Norway spruce and Scots pine commercially modified by the ThermoWood® S and D processes, respectively, along with the mechanical properties and structural characterisation by Fourier transform infrared (FT–IR) spectroscopy and principal component analysis (PCA) to ascertain further correlations between colour and other measurable properties. Infrared spectroscopy indicated modifications in the amorphous carbohydrates and lignin, whereas the use of PCA allowed for the differentiation between untreated and modified wood. Colour measurements indicated reduced brightness, and shifting toward red and yellow colours after thermal modification, hardness values decreased, whereas MOE and MOR values were similar for modified wood compared to unmodified ones. However, by combining the colour measurements and PC scores, it was possible to differentiate between the two modification processes (Thermo–S and Thermo–D). By combining the mechanical properties and PC scores, it was possible to differentiate the untreated wood from the modified ones, whereas by combining the mechanical properties and colour parameters, it was possible to differentiate between the three groups of studied samples. This demonstrates there is a degree of correlation between the test methods, adding further confidence to the postulation of using colour to ensure quality control of ThermoWood®.

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“…On the one hand, both penetration resistance and aggregate stability of the soil once biochar is applied are some of the measured parameters [27,28] when the objective is to determine the mechanical properties of the amended soil. On the other hand, the mechanical behavior of biochar has been assessed for specific applications such as land-fill biocovers and in-ground filtration systems [29][30][31], addition of charcoal to construction materials or biocomposites [32], fuel pellets production [33][34][35], and heating blast furnaces to industrial iron production [36][37][38][39]. The characterization methodologies adopted for the aforementioned applications are based on standards for soils, geoengineering, plastics, and other specific materials.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of Feedstock and Final Pyrolysis Temperature on Breaking Strength and Dust Production of Wood-Derived Biochars

et al. 2021

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The susceptibility to fragmentation of biochar is an important property to consider in field applications. Physical and mechanical properties of wood-derived biochars from vine shoots and holm oak were studied to evaluate the effect of biomass feedstock, final pyrolysis temperature and application conditions. Vine shoots and holm oak pruning residues were selected for biochar production. Slow pyrolysis experiments were conducted at two different final temperatures (400 and 600 °C). Physical and chemical characteristics of biomass and biochars were determined. Impact strength was evaluated through the measurement of the gravitational potential energy per unit area (J mm−2) necessary for the breakage of biochar fragments. Shear strength (N mm−2) and a combination of shear/compression strengths (N) were analyzed using a Universal Texture Analyzer. A particular mechanical treatment was carried out on biochar samples to simulate the processing bodies of a commercial manure spreader, under two gravimetric moisture contents. Holm oak-derived biochar was more resistant than vine shoot-derived biochar to the applied forces. Vine shoots-derived biochar did not show a significantly different mechanical behavior between temperatures. Holm Oak-derived biochar produced at the higher final pyrolysis temperature showed higher resistance to be broken into smaller pieces. Moistening resulted in an adequate practice to improve mechanical spreading.

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Estimating hardness and density of wood and charcoal by near-infrared spectroscopy

Cited by 14 publications

References 31 publications

Performance of visible and Near-infrared spectroscopy to predict the energetic properties of wood

Performance of visible and Near-infrared spectroscopy to predict the energetic properties of wood

Correlation of Studies between Colour, Structure and Mechanical Properties of Commercially Produced ThermoWood® Treated Norway Spruce and Scots Pine

Influence of Feedstock and Final Pyrolysis Temperature on Breaking Strength and Dust Production of Wood-Derived Biochars

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