Estimates on the intake of food additives in Finland

Penttilä, P.‐L.; Salminen, Susanna; Niemi, E.

doi:10.1007/bf01027172

Cited by 27 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…Figure 2 shows the contribution of each food category to the EDI of the colours, excluding Fast (Tables 4 and 5), the highest EDI/ADI ratios were observed for amaranth and erythrosine mainly because of their low ADIs. The EDI/ADI ratios of erythrosine, indigo carmine and Fast Green FCF in Finland were less than 0.3% (Penttila et al 1988), similar to the results of this study (excluding erythrosine). The EDI/ADI ratio of erythrosine was relatively high in this study, especially for infants and children.…”

Section: Edis Of Synthetic Colours and Comparison With The Adissupporting

confidence: 91%

Exposure assessment of synthetic colours approved in Korea

Ha¹,

Ha²,

Choi³

et al. 2013

Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A

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The dietary intakes of nine synthetic food colours--amaranth, erythrosine, Allura Red, Ponceau 4R, tartrazine, Sunset Yellow FCF, Fast Green FCF, Brilliant Blue FCF and indigo carmine--permitted in Korea were estimated based on food consumption data for consumers and their concentrations in processed foods. The estimated daily intakes (EDIs) by Korean consumers were compared with the acceptable daily intakes (ADIs) of the colours. Among 704 foods sampled, 471 contained synthetic colours. The most highly consumed synthetic colours were Allura Red and tartrazine; the highest EDI/ADI ratios were found for amaranth, erythrosine and Allura Red. The EDIs of infants and children were higher than those of adults. The main food categories containing colours were beverages and liquor for adults, and beverages, chocolate and ice cream for infants and children. For average Korean consumers, the EDIs were not greater than 2.5% of their corresponding ADIs, although the EDI of a conservative consumer in the upper 95th percentile reached 37% of the ADI.

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Section: Edis Of Synthetic Colours and Comparison With The Adissupporting

confidence: 91%

Exposure assessment of synthetic colours approved in Korea

Ha¹,

Ha²,

Choi³

et al. 2013

Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A

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show abstract

“…The intake of Ponceau 4R, Carmoisine and Amaranth combined was found to touch 0.2% of the ADI for Swiss children (Hunziker and Zimmerli 1984), while Carmoisine reached the ADI to an extent of 13-26% in the Italian population (Quattrucci and Saletti 1983). In Finland, the overall colour intake was found to be less than 3% of the ADI in the case of children and less than 1% in the case of adults (Pentilla et al 1988), which resembled the dietary exposure estimates in New Zealand being less than 5% of the ADI (NZFSA 2008).…”

Section: Childrenmentioning

confidence: 85%

Usage pattern and exposure assessment of food colours in different age groups of consumers in the State of Uttar Pradesh, India

Dixit¹,

Purshottam²,

Gupta

et al. 2010

Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A

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The present study aims to investigate the nature and levels of colours in food items and to undertake risk assessment vis-a-vis intake among different age groups of consumers in the State of Uttar Pradesh, India. A total of 478 edible foodstuffs were analysed, and of six permitted colours, Sunset Yellow FCF (SSYFCF) and Tartrazine were most popular, and two non-permitted colours, namely Metanil Yellow and Rhodamine B, were encountered. The study showed a marked improvement in the trend of use of non-permitted colours over previous surveys, with 90% foods now resorting to approved food colours. However, 59% of foods employing permitted colours exceeded the maximum allowable limit, with average quantities crossing the threshold of 100 mg kg(-1) in most food commodities. The intake of SSYFCF exceeded the acceptable daily intake (ADI) for children and adolescents by 88% and 39%, respectively, and was statistically significant when analysed by error bars and distribution curves. In adults, SSYFCF saturated 59% of the ADI. For Carmoisine, Tartrazine and Ponceau 4R, saturation of ADI ranged from 27.4% to 90.3% in children and adolescents and from 10.8% to 47.6% in adult subjects. These results indicate that children and adolescents are more vulnerable to higher intakes of food colours compared with the adult population. Allowing a uniform level of all colours in foods under Indian rules, notwithstanding wide variations of 250-fold in their allocated ADIs, could be one reason for the higher intake and hence only technological need-based levels of individual colours are desired to be prescribed.

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“…The dietary intake of TiO 2 has been calculated in previous years by Penttilä et al (1988), by the consortium of the Expochi project for EFSA (Huybrechts et al, 2010), and by Weir et al (2012). The dietary intake varied 1300-fold between 0.01 and 13.0 mg TiO 2 /kg bw/d.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Oral intake of added titanium dioxide and its nanofraction from food products, food supplements and toothpaste by the Dutch population

et al. 2016

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Titanium dioxide (TiO 2 ) is commonly applied to enhance the white colour and brightness of food products. TiO 2 is also used as white pigment in other products such as toothpaste. A small fraction of the pigment is known to be present as nanoparticles (NPs). Recent studies with TiO 2 NPs indicate that these particles can have toxic effects. In this paper, we aimed to estimate the oral intake of TiO 2 and its NPs from food, food supplements and toothpaste in the Dutch population aged 2 to over 70 years by combining data on food consumption and supplement intake with concentrations of Ti and TiO 2 NPs in food products and supplements. For children aged 2-6 years, additional intake via ingestion of toothpaste was estimated. The mean longterm intake to TiO 2 ranges from 0.06 mg/kg bw/day in elderly (70+), 0.17 mg/kg bw/day for 7-69-year-old people, to 0.67 mg/kg bw/day in children (2-6 year old). The estimated mean intake of TiO 2 NPs ranges from 0.19 mg/kg bw/day in elderly, 0.55 mg/kg bw/day for 7-69-yearold people, to 2.16 mg/kg bw/day in young children. Ninety-fifth percentile (P95) values are 0.74, 1.61 and 4.16 mg/kg bw/day, respectively. The products contributing most to the TiO 2 intake are toothpaste (in young children only), candy, coffee creamer, fine bakery wares and sauces. In a separate publication, the results are used to evaluate whether the presence of TiO 2 NPs in these products can pose a human health risk.

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Estimates on the intake of food additives in Finland

Cited by 27 publications

References 7 publications

Exposure assessment of synthetic colours approved in Korea

Exposure assessment of synthetic colours approved in Korea

Usage pattern and exposure assessment of food colours in different age groups of consumers in the State of Uttar Pradesh, India

Oral intake of added titanium dioxide and its nanofraction from food products, food supplements and toothpaste by the Dutch population

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