Estimated Use of Water in the United States in 1980

Abstract

The balance between supply and demand for water is a delicate one, marked over time by political and environmental conflicts, the impacts of natural disasters and human actions, and the day-today demands for a multiplicity of uses for this most vital resource. Although a renewable resource, water is not always available to a thirsty Nation when and where it is needed, nor is it always of suitable quality for the intended use. Water must be considered as a finite resource that has limits and boundaries to its availability and suitability for use. In the United States, many existing sources of water are being stressed by withdrawals from aquifers and diversions from rivers and reservoirs to meet the needs of homes, cities, farms, and industries. Increasing requirements to leave water in the streams and rivers to meet environmental, fish and wildlife, and recreational needs further complicate the matter. After continual increases in the Nation's total withdrawal of surface water and ground water for the years reported from 1950 to 1980, water withdrawals declined and have remained fairly constant since the mid 1980's. The decline in withdrawals is especially significant in light of the fact that population continued to increase during the same period. Clearly as a Nation, we are using our surface-and groundwater resources more efficiently. This decline signals that water use does respond to economic and regulatory factors, and that the general public has an enhanced awareness about waterresources and conservation issues. As planners, managers, and elected officials wrestle with the varied watermanagement problems facing the Nation at the beginning of the new century, they need consistent information on water supply and use by State, watershed, and water-use category. This will help the Nation realize the maximum benefit from its water resources and will help strike that crucial balance between supply and demand. The U.S. Geological Survey has compiled and disseminated estimates of water use for the Nation at 5-year intervals since 1950. In 1977, the Congress expanded the Survey's water-use activities by establishing a National Water-Use Information Program, which, in cooperation with the States, collects reliable and uniform information on the sources, uses, and dispositions of water in the United States. The result of that cooperative effort is a valuable long-term data set of national water-use estimates that can be used to assess the effectiveness of alternative water-management policies, regulations, and conservation activities, and to make projections of future demands. This Circular documents water use in 1995 and identifies changes in water use that have occurred over the past 45 years.

Water Supply

“…In 1985 it was estimated that 34% of water withdrawals from any source (excluding hydroelectric power) were from groundwater, that 51% of our population was served by groundwater, and that 40% of all public water supply came from groundwater (Solley, 1988). The combining of water supply from surface sources with that from wells (a process known as conjuctive use) has considerable advantages.…”

Failure to Act

“…Many of these combined systems are still in use today. When 1995 1990 1985 1980 1975 1970 1965 1960 1955 1950 sourCes MacKichan (1951MacKichan ( , 1957; MacKichan and Kammerer (1961); Murray (1968); Reeves (1972, 1977); Solley, Chase, and Mann (1983) ;Solley, Merk, and Pierce (1988) ;Perlman (1993, 1998); Hutson et al (2004); Kenny et al (2009 aggravated by heavy rain and snowmelt, increased runoff overwhelms the sewer system, resulting in the release of the combined sewage and stormwater directly into streams through WWOs. In addition, WWOs also result in the discharge of untreated sewage, but due to aging infrastructure rather than by design.…”

Withdrawals and consumptive use of water in Pennsylvania, 1984

“…The U.S. Geological Survey has published water-use reports, at 5-year intervals from 1950 through 1980, that document State water withdrawal totals for several categories of use (MacKichan 1951(MacKichan , 1957MacKichan and Kammerer, 1961;Murray, 1968;Reeves, 1972, 1977;Solley, Chase, and Mann, 1983). Information for hydrologic accounting unit or county was not included in these publications, and the water-withdrawal estimates have a wide range of accuracy, inasmuch as they were derived from many sources.…”

“…1,000.00-3,000.00 Trends In withdrawals of water for public supply, self-supplied industry, and thermoelectric power generation for 1950-84 can be seen in table 18. Data were derived from the U.S. Geological Survey estitnated-water-use reports by MacKichan (1951MacKichan ( , 1957, MacKichan and Kammerer (1961), Murray (1968), Reeves (1972, 1977) and by Solley, Chase, and Mann (1983). Total withdrawal data for the 1950and 1955reports (MacKichan, 1951and 1957 did not include all the categories included in the later publications.…”