“…The need for empirical evidence is reinforced by vegetated systems, which are more complex than concrete pipes and undergo more structural and functional changes over time. Yet, municipalities in charge of the maintenance and operation of urban water management systems typically have limited budget and know-how for monitoring ( Abebe et al, 2021 ; Economic Development Research Group and Downstream Strategies, 2011 ; Kinney et al, 2023 ; Sharma et al, 2016 ; Tscheikner-Gratl et al, 2019 ). For small at-source systems such as raingardens, monitoring budgets including equipment and maintenance can easily surpass implementation costs, making it difficult for governmental agencies and operators to monitor post implementation ( Strigaro et al, 2019 ).…”