Estimated Fluoride Intake of Average Two-year-old Children in Four Dietary Regions of the United States

Ophaug, R. H.; Singer, Leon; Harland, Barbara F.

doi:10.1177/00220345800590050501

Cited by 42 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…The range for average daily intake by two-year-old children is only slightly higher and also depends strongly on the drinking water fluoride concentration (Ophaug et al, 1980b(Ophaug et al, , 1985. These findings are in close agreement with those of Dabeka et al (1982) and Featherstone and Shields (1988).…”

Section: Fluoride Intakesupporting

confidence: 91%

Intake and Metabolism of Fluoride

1994

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The purpose of this paper is to discuss the major factors that determine the body burden of inorganic fluoride. Fluoride intake 25 or more years ago was determined mainly by measurement of the concentration of the ion in the drinking water supply. This is not necessarily true today because of ingestion from fluoride-containing dental products, the "halo effect", the consumption of bottled water, and the use of water purification systems in the home. Therefore, the concentration of fluoride in drinking water may not be a reliable indicator of previous intake. Under most conditions, fluoride is rapidly and extensively absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract. The rate of gastric absorption is inversely related to the pH of the gastric contents. Overall absorption is reduced by calcium and certain other cations and by elevated plasma fluoride levels. Fluoride removal from plasma occurs by calcified tissue uptake and urinary excretion. About 99% of the body burden of fluoride is associated with calcified tissues, and most of it is not exchangeable. In general, the clearance of fluoride from plasma by the skeleton is inversely related to the stage of skeletal development. Skeletal uptake, however, can be positive or negative, depending on the level of fluoride intake, hormonal status, and other factors. Dentin fluoride concentrations tend to increase throughout life and appear to be similar to those in bone. Research to determine whether dentin is a reliable biomarker for the body burden of fluoride is recommended. The renal clearance of fluoride is high compared with other halogens. It is directly related to urinary pH. Factors that acidify the urine increase the retention of fluoride and vice versa. The renal clearance of fluoride decreases and tissue levels increase when the glomerular filtration rate is depressed on a chronic basis.

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Section: Fluoride Intakesupporting

confidence: 91%

Intake and Metabolism of Fluoride

1994

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“…A 1980 analysis of ‘market basket’ food collections found that 2‐year‐olds living in regions of the US, with water fluoride levels between 0.37 and 1.04 g/l, ingested between 0.025 and 0.049 mg F/kg/day from foods, water and beverages (13): dietary fluoride intake comparable to that estimated in this study. More recently, a study, which utilized two, 3‐day diet diaries to collect information about dietary intake and conducted fluoride analyses of ingested foods, also estimated that 4‐year‐old children living in a negligibly fluoridated area of Iran (0.3 mg F/l) ingested 0.413 ± 21 mg F/day (0.028 mg F/kg/day) from their diet (44).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 73%

The fluoride content of foods and beverages from negligibly and optimally fluoridated communities

Jackson

Brizendine

Kelly

et al. 2002

Comm Dent Oral Epid

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In the spring of 1996, foods and beverages most commonly consumed by adolescents were analyzed for fluoride as part of a larger investigation. These foods were selected by interviewing 711 adolescents, 12-14 years of age, who were long-time residents of either an optimally or negligibly fluoridated community. The brand names of the identified foods and beverages most commonly purchased were determined by interviews with the parents. A total of 441 brand-name food and beverage items were purchased from both communities and were individually analyzed for fluoride. These analyses were done in order to estimate the fluoride content of various kinds of foods and beverages and to determine whether or not there was a significant difference between the two communities in the amount of fluoride ingested from these dietary sources. The food and beverage items were classified into dietary groups based on US Department of Agriculture (USDA) guidelines. Overall, the fluoride content of the sampled foods and beverages was low. In addition, there was no significant difference in the fluoride content of the same pre-packaged or ready-to-eat food or beverage items purchased in the two communities. However, a significant difference was found between the two communities in the fluoride content of fountain beverages and in cooked or reconstituted foods prepared using local water from the respective communities. Based on these results, we have estimated the mean daily, dietary fluoride intake for 3-5-year-old children who are more susceptible to developing dental fluorosis.

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“…In theory, its action in the prevention of caries is topical and no ingestion of toothpaste is necessary. However, ingestion of toothpaste foam is unavoidable, all the more so in young children (Ophaug et al 1980). The ingestion of fluoridated toothpaste is a relatively major contributor to total fluoride ingestion in young children in fluoridated and non-fluoridated water supply areas (Zoohouri et al 2012).…”

Section: Prevention Of Caries Among Australian Childrenmentioning

confidence: 99%